4-28-13-1 oM ^£SENT ££ £> . / 3 £ Jpitiiit Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from IMLS LG-70-15-0138-15 https://archive.org/details/pharmacalplantstOOschn Arn ibib CALIFORNIA STATE BOARD OF FORESTRY BULLETIN No. 2 G. MORRIS HOMANS, State Forester PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE BY ALBERT SCHNEIDER, M.D., Ph.D., COLLABORATOR THE N; Y, MJAD'EMY OF MEDICI N J JULY 19 If LIBRARY S A C R A M ENTO Friend Wm. Richardson - - Superintendent of State Printing 19 12 STATE BOARD OF FORESTRY. HIRAM W. JOHNSON Governor FRANK C. JORDAN Secretary of State U. S. WEBB Attorney General G. MORRIS HOMANS State Forester MEDICINAL AND POISONOUS PLANTS. CHAPTER I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 1. Introduction. -The United States pays about eighteen million dollars annually for imported vegetable drugs. Some of these are from tropical countries and can not be grown within the bounds of our native country, but the majority of plants used in medicine, which have been imported heretofore, might readily be cultivated in the United States. Furthermore, there is a steadily increasing shortage of wild- growing, native, medicinal plants. Sooner or later these must be culti- vated to prevent extermination or paucity. It is also a fact that the foreign supply of vegetable drugs is extremely uncertain and variable, both as to quality and quantity, conditions which can be corrected by growing drugs of first quality at home. That medicinal plants may be grown profitably has been proven by the several isolated attempts in widely-separated areas of the United States. The following suggestions are intended to serve as stimulus, as well as a guide, to those interested in the cultivation of medicinal plants, primarily in California, also in other states. Within recent years the pharmaceutical press has published reports on the scarcity of certain drugs, as belladonna, hyoscyamus, hydrastis, senega, and others. Some anxiety begins to arise concerning the future supply of cascara bark. The present tendency in medical and pharmaceutical botany is toward greater simplification. The number and variety of plants now used medicinally is very small when compared with the number used in the past, and the process of “weeding out” is still going on, as is shown by the fact that in the eighth decennial revision of the United States Phar- macopoeia about forty crude vegetable drugs were excluded, while only three or four new ones were admitted. This process of reducing the number of vegetable drugs does not, however, imply that the importance of studying new and old medicinal plants is correspondingly lessened. Rather the reverse is true. Botanists, chemists, physiologists, and phar- macologists must extend their investigations into fields still unknown or imperfectly understood. There is, for example, much uncertainty as to the identity, origin, and physiological action of many long-used vege- 4 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. table drugs, to say nothing of the vegetable drugs of such countries as China, India, Arabia, and Central America, which are awaiting our careful study and investigation in order to determine their possible therapeutic value. Many of our native medicinal plants require further study, and some of the poisonous plants will no doubt prove very efficacious medicinally. The therapeutic use of drugs, vegetable and others, is based largely upon empiricism, and no one can state definitely what the future scien- tific progress in medicine may develop. Recent bacteriological research has completely revolutionized certain phases in the treatment of diseases, and it is highly probable that in the future the method of application and the therapeutic use of many drugs will be changed completely. It is an obligative duty to study vegetable dx*ugs as thoroughly as possible, in order that the best results may follow their use in disease. The study of known and unknown medicinal plants would be greatly advanced through experimental gardens, scientifically conducted. In Europe such gardens have been established for centuries, and effective efforts in this direction are now being made in various parts of the United States. The Department of Agriculture has established experi- mental gardens at Chico, AVliittier, and Davis, in California, in which are to be grown economic plants, including medicinal plants. A garden of medicinal plants was established at Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, in which about five hundred species were under cultivation in 1904-05, but owing to lack of funds the work has recently been discontinued. Many medicinal plants are also grown in the University gardens at Berkeley, California. Many foreign medicinal plants have been intro- duced into California, and a number of private economic and pleasure gardens are still in existence in various parts of the State. Gardens, more or less pretentious, devoted to medicinal plants, are established at New York (New York Botanical Garden), Philadelphia, and at the Indiana State University. In addition, there are gardens of medicinal plants operated in connection with the following colleges of pharmacy : Scio College, Department of Pharmacy ; University of Michigan, School of Pharmacy; Purdue University, School of Pharmacy; Brooklyn Col- lege of Pharmacy, and St. Louis College of Pharmacy. These begin- nings, when more fully developed on a cooperative basis, will be impor- tant factors in perfecting our knowledge of the cultivation, constituents, properties, and uses of the medicinal plants, native and introduced, of the United States. 2. Flora and Climatic Conditions of California.— California is a large, mountainous state, with extensive valleys, and has a wide lati- tudinal and altitudinal range. Along the entire coast the temperature is kept quite xmiformly mild by the Pacific currents, there being only PHARMACAL PLANTS AND TITEIR CULTURE. 5 about 10° difference in the average temperature of the northern and southern limits of the state. Thunderstorms and cyclones are unknown. The coast winds blow in one direction for about eight months of the year. Snow is formed on top of the higher coast-range hills and moun- tains. There are sharply contrasted wet and dry seasons. In and about San Francisco there are about three months of heavy rains, namely January, February, and March, with a few rains in December and April. From about the first of May to the close of November there is no rainfall worthy of mention. Toward the north from San Francisco the amount of rainfall is increased; toward the south it is decreased. At Los Angeles and south the rainfall is much less, and irrigation is in many instances necessary to insure crops. Remarkable results have, however, been obtained by the Campbell method, or dry farming, with- out irrigation. The persistent “high fogs” of the coast region during the months of July and August are a peculiar feature. These fogs come in from the Pacific Ocean and cause the temperature to fall consider- ably, so that it is unpleasantly raw and chilly, demanding the use of a light overcoat for outdoor wear, and a fire in the grate to make the interior comfortable. Along the middle coast region the temperature rarely falls below 30° F., and the difference in mean average temper- ature between the northern and southern coast limits of the State does not vary more than 10° F. The climate of the interior of the State is very variable, according to locality, differing from the immediate coast belt of approximately the same latitude and altitude in that the winters are colder and the summers hotter. The rainfall is variable. There may be snow in the winter, and in many localities there are thunderstorms and electrical displays during the summer months. Local variations in meteorological conditions are remarkable, a dis- tance of from ten to thirty miles showing great differences in tempera- ture, number of foggy, cloudy and chilly days, annual rainfall, daily and nightly variations in temperature, etc. There may be a dense, cold fog in a given limited area, while in a locality a mile distant it may be comparatively warm with the brightest sunshine. This is but natural, because of the altitudinal variations, alternation of hill ranges and valleys, interrupted by higher peaks, river valleys, etc. The new arrival from the Eastern States is forcibly impressed by the browned hillsides during the summer months and the emerald verdure during the winter. Grasses and annuals generally die, excepting those under cultivation, as soon as the dry season sets in. Even more impressive is the varied flora of the State, as might well be expected from such a peculiar climate. In the middle, and even in the northern, portions of the State, along the coast and in the interior 6 PIIAEMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. valleys of middle and southern California, the vegetation presents a tropical aspect, due to the palms, cycads, yuccas, aloes, century plants, magnolias, figs, banana plants, lemons, limes, oranges, carobs, olives, eucalypti, and other plants, which are not found in the open in the central, eastern, and northern United States. Wild oats, wild rye, and other grasses are common and cause the prompt green coloration of hill- sides within a few weeks after the first heavy rainfalls in the autumn. Among the native trees are the incomparable giant sequoias, the tall pines, and the enormous gnarled oaks. The multitude of varieties of introduced eucalypti and acacias form the striking feature of the Cali- fornia arboreal flora. Many remarkable foreign plants have become well established, as the gingkos, casuarinas, tree ferns, araucarias, palms, cycads, pepper trees, and others. Plants which in the East are known only as small herbs here assume tree-like proportions, as the hydrangeas, fuchsias, geraniums, the lemon verbenas, and others. Ever- green trees predominate, though such deciduous trees as the cherry, apple, plum, poplar, maple, walnut, hickory, and many others do well and are extensively cultivated. Most of the subtropical plants are from Australia, southern Europe, and Mexico; many are now being intro- duced from China, Japan, and the Philippines. Some are from South America, the West Indies, Italy, and Spain, with stragglers from other tropical and subtropical countries. Under cultivation, with suitable soil and drainage, the vegetation grows with remarkable rapidity and luxuriance. Some plants will not thrive well because of the prevailing cool nights, as Indian corn, cotton, and sugar cane, although these plants are grown quite successfully and profitably in certain localities. Cotton, for example, does well in the Imperial Valley region. With a flora so remarkable and varied, it is reasonable to expect the presence of a comparatively large number of plants which have, or may have, medicinal value. This will be borne out by the list of medicinal plants reported from the State. Aromatic, fragrant, and spicy fruits, trees, grasses, and herbs are abundant. The medicinal uses of many have been ascertained through the Indians, early Spanish missionaries and settlers. 3. California Dealers in Vegetable Drugs.— In order to ascertain certain facts with regard to the commerce in California vegetable drugs, a letter was addressed to the leading wholesale drug houses in San Fran- cisco, asking for a list of vegetable drugs which were obtained from the State. Prompt replies were received and with one exception the follow- ing are the drugs secured from the State which were offered for sale at regular market value: Cascara sagrada , Yerba santa, Yerba buena, Berberis aquifolium, Grindelia robusta, Angelica root, Absinthium, PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 7 Marrubium, and Eucalyptus leaves. The one exception was the F. A. Week Company, who gave a much longer list, as follows: Berberis aquifolium root Red clover flowers Cascara sagrada bark Peach leaves California laurel leaves Raspberry leaves Damiana leaves Strawberry vine Eucalyptus globulus leaves Garden lettuce Eschscholtzia californica Hops Grindelia robusta Orange flowers Grindelia squarrosa Orange peel Kava kava root Orange pits Manzanita leaves Apricot pits Rhus toxicodendron Red rose leaves (petals) Yerba buena Pale rose leaves (petals) Yerba reuma Pumpkin seeds Yerba santa Watermelon seeds Wild potato root (man in the earth) Mustard seed Mullein leaves Canary seed Mullein flowers Rape seed Skunk cabbage root Hemp seed Skunk cabbage leaves Flax seed Wild cucumber root Low mallow Angelica root Wild sage May weed herb Spikenard Scouring rush Burdock root Pine buds Buckeye bark Pine needles Buckeye leaves Plantain leaves Milk weed Plantain root Horseradish Wormwood herb Cherry stems Horehound herb Poppy heads Linden flowers Coriander Sage Fennel Thyme Caraway Summer savory And others. Sweet marjoram The information gained was somewhat surprising, on the one hand because not more drugs were secured from the State, and secondly because the Week Company supplied comparatively such a large number from the State. From several interviews with Mr. F. A. Week it was ascertained that the maintenance of such a list was uncertain for several reasons. The principal one was high American labor versus cheap European labor. A crude vegetable drug can, as a rule, be imported at less cost than it can be gathered at home. Mr. Week is a very keen observer who has made a special study of the vegetable drug resources of the State, and has ascertained what vegetable drugs may be secured and collected with profit. His usual plan was first to find out what crude drug or drugs were wanted and then to find men who would sign a contract to collect, cure, and deliver to him the desired quantity of the drug at a stipulated price. In many instances these contracts were signed with parties living in the region where the drug-yielding plants 8 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. were abundant. Thus, carload lots of cascara bark have been supplied through him to Eastern and foreign manufacturing houses. The general conclusions which are deduced from these conversations with Mr. Week are as follows: The wholesale dealers, as well as wholesale manufacturers, give little heed to the commercial source of the drug, manner of collecting, drying, etc. They desire a clean, neat-looking article at the very lowest figure. If an English house can supply digitalis leaves, horehound, and mint more cheaply than a California house, then these articles will be imported, even though they may have been rendered comparatively inert through careless packing, storing, age, etc. A San Francisco house will import horehound from England, though that commodity is a common weed throughout the State. It appears that in order that a drug may be profitably procured in the United States, there must first be a large and reliably constant demand, and the drug must be collected on a large scale with the aid of suitable mechanical appliances and machinery. Collecting on a small scale is not profitable. Drying must be done in the open and the drug shipped in bulk, in boxes, barrels, in sacks or wrapped in burlap. Large shipments of herbs may also be baled like hay and wrapped in burlap. Ounce, pound, and larger retail amounts of herbs and leaves may be pressed in paper packages. 4. What Drugs May Be Collected Profitably.— From what has been said it is evident that even though a medicinal plant is very common in the United States, marketing the drug may not be profitable because of the high cost of labor and of other conditions. This is made clear in a bulletin issued by the United States Department of Agriculture on the common medicinal weeds of the United States. (Alice Henkel: Weeds Used in Medicine, Farmers’ Bulletin No. 188, U. S. Dept. Agr., 3904). In this report the suggestion is made that the medicinal weeds mentioned might be collected and marketed by the farmer. To this end certain directions are given as to time of collecting, part of plant used, curing, garbling, etc. This plan, it was hoped, would not only rid the farm of the objectionable weeds, but would at the same time be a source of revenue, slight though it might be. It does not seem wise to give these suggestions, for several reasons : The farmer is chiefly interested in his crops and other farm products, knows little or nothing about drugs, can not always take the time to collect the drug at the right time, and can not take the time to collect, garble and cure it properly. The attempt would simply result in a poor quality of drug being placed on the market. Drug-marketing should be done by those who understand it and are ready to make a business of it. On studying the market value of the medicinal weeds mentioned, it will be found that the average price per pound of roots and leaves is from five to seven cents, a sum PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 9 entirely too small to make it worth while to collect comparatively small quantities, which would certainly be all that could be found on well- cared-for farms. No farmer would care to permit his farm to go to weeds in order that he might sell these to a druggist. The following is the list of medicinal weeds as given by Miss Henkel : Achillea mille- folium L., Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv., Arctium lappa L., Brassica nigra (L.) Koch, Chenopodium ambrosiodes L., Chenopodium anthel- minticum L., Cnicus benedictus L., Conium maculatum L., Datura stramonium L., Digitalis purpurea L., Eupatorium perfoliata L., Grindelia robusta Nutt., Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh.) Dunal, Leptilon canadense (L.) Brit., Erigeron canadense L., Lobelia inflata L., Marru- bium vulgare L., Nepeta cataria L., Phytolacca americana L., P. decan- dra, Rumex brittanica L., Rumex crispus L., Rumex obtusifolius L., Tanacetum vulgare L., Taraxcum taraxacum (L.) Karst., Sinapis alba L., V erbascum thapsus L., all of which are more or less common in California. A large number of drug- yielding plants can no doubt be grown profitably in the United States, but as indicated, this, in the majority of cases, is possible only when done on a large scale. The climate of California is peculiarly adapted to the cultivation of many different kinds of medicinal plants, as has been proven experimentally, and it is to be hoped that some enterprising individuals may make a beginning in establishing plantations of medicinal plants like those of England, Germany, France, Italy, and other European countries. Experiments have been made with the poppy, and it was found that the opium obtained was of excellent quality, but on account of high-priced labor it was impossible to compete with the Oriental market. It may be possible to find some other method of securing the opium. One method, which has been tried, was to cut the plants at the proper time, express the juice from the entire plant, and evaporate it to the proper consis- tency. It was, however, found that the alkaloidal yield of the gum opium was very low. The statements made in regard to poppy cultiva- tion apply also in a general way to the cultivation of the camphor tree in California. Certain cultural attempts can be undertaken success- fully only by those who have ample funds and are willing to do the necessary preliminary experimenting. In fact, such work should have government (State and Federal) support. At a cost of many millions of dollars, the English Government has successfully introduced cinchona culture into India. 5. General Suggestions on the Cultivation of Medicinal Plants in the State of California. — The plants cited in this report are, with few exceptions, found growing within the boundaries of the State. Many more may readily be introduced. It is not, however, intended to imply that all, even, of this limited number of medicinal plant are of unques- 10 PH ARM AC AL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. tionecl therapeutic value, or that they may be grown profitably. Some of the difficulties in the way of profitable culture have already been referred to, the chief one being high-priced American labor versus the cheaper foreign labor. We can no doubt put into operation ways and means which will in a measure overcome this difference in the cost of labor, as the use of time- and labor-saving machinery, improvement in cultural operations, etc. First of all it will be necessary to create an interest in that kind of plant-culture. Such an interest has been created in other countries, notably in England and Germany, where certain medicinal plants are grown on an enormous scale, sufficient to supply the home market at least. Just as we compete successfully or excel in certain branches of horticulture, agriculture, arboriculture, etc., just so may we compete successfully or excel in the growing of medicinal plants. All that is necessary is for enterprising and intelligent indi- viduals to establish plantations of desirable medicinal plants, in suitable localities, growing them on a sufficiently large scale, and putting into operation the appropriate methods of cultivating, collecting, drying, marketing, etc. Beginnings should be made with those drugs which will find a ready market. It must be borne in mind that it is necessary to compete with the foreign market, and that the enterprise should yield a profit equal to that from other soil-cultural pursuits. There is no plausibly apparent reason why this should not be done. If, as the Department of Agriculture suggests, the farmer of the United States may hope to collect medicinal weeds profitably, he will find it certainly even more profitable to devote his entire time and energy to the intel- ligent culture of medicinal plants, whether weeds or not. A few medicinal plants are being cultivated on a large scale in the United States, as the mints in Michigan and Wisconsin, and crocus in Pennsyl- vania. It is affirmed that African senna ( Cassia acutifolia ) has been successfully grown at Corpus Christi, Texas, and at AVashington, D. C. As has been indicated elsewhere, most medicinal plants may be grown in the State. The familiar garden herbs and pot herbs used medicinally and for culinary purposes can certainly be grown successfully, if not profitably. We may also include the mints, pennyroyal, sage, lettuce, yerba santa, thyme, caraway, fennel, coriander, camomile, and many others. There are numerous introduced trees, shrubs, and herbs, in cultivation and escaped from cultivation, which might, no doubt, be grown profitably for medicinal purposes, as the camphor tree, broom, blue gum, and carob. It would, however, seem desirable to begin with a few of the more important, less common, herbaceous drug plants, as aconite, digitalis, rhubarb, belladonna, scopola, hyoscyamus, valerian, veratrum, and others, although there is no plausible reason why such common but nevertheless very desirable drugs, as taraxacum, chicory, mallow, burdock, horehound, milk weed, sambucus, stramonium, absin- PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 11 thium, rosemary, and many others, should not be very profitably cultivated on a large scale. Insect flowers ( Pyrethrum ), lavendula, hops, and others are now being grown very successfully in the State. Inasmuch as the work is very largely in the experimental stage, it is desirable to begin with perhaps five or six different species of medicinal plants. In the course of a few years it will be found which plants are best suited to the particular soil, climatic condition, and temperature, and finally the grower will, in all probability, limit himself to those species giving the best promise as to net earnings or gain, per acre. It will be necessary to develop the most suitable methods of cultivation, fertilization of soil, rotation of crops, collecting, garbling, drying, and marketing. Each species of medicinal plant will require its special care and attention, just as with the different field, orchard, and garden plants. For detailed and specific instructions the available literature should be consulted, and, for the rest, experience must be the guide. 6. General Suggestions on the Cultural Methods. — On looking over the existing agricultural, horticultural, and arboricultural resources of the State, one is astonished at the variety of crops grown successfully. With few exceptions the plant-cultural enterprises are conducted on an enormous scale as compared with similar European efforts, or even with those of the Eastern and Southern States. This brief statement should serve as a significant hint to those who have the ambition and courage to begin the cultivation of medicinal plants in California. Random, unintelligent, illy-considerecl attempts are to be discouraged, as they lead to mistaken conclusions and to failures. Excepting perhaps in a few instances, it is not advised to grow medicinal plants as a side line or “small crop,” nor is it advised that those unfamiliar with field cultural operations, chemistry of soil, the chemistry, constituents, and physiological action of vegetable drugs, should initiate or superintend such cultural efforts. In order to avoid the unprofitable preliminary experimenting above hinted at, it is very strongly urged that beginnings be made with well-known and highly important medicinal plants, as digitalis, aconite, belladonna, scopola, rheum, golden seal, and others. AVliile it is pos- sible to get valuable information from books, correspondence, and hearsay, with regard to the desirable cultural methods, and, accordingly, to make fairly successful beginnings, it would nevertheless be very desirable to send qualified men to countries where these various plants are being grown successfully, with instructions to remain at least several months, to work in the fields and to collect concise and reliable data with regard to the most successful and most profitable methods employed. On returning, these observers should be placed in charge of the field work, with specific instructions to adopt, to the best of their ability, the foreign methods to American (Californian) conditions and require- 12 PLIARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. ments. For example, if it is desired to begin the culture of digitalis, a competent man should be sent to the digitalis fields of England, secure employment as a laborer, and carefully record the cultural methods, methods of curing, garbling, packing, shipping, marketing, etc. In the course of a few months, or perhaps one season, he should be in a position to give reliable and exact advice as to how to begin the successful culture of English digitalis in California, and should be in position to take charge of, and superintend, the field work, etc. As to what addi- tional or new may be desirable in the way of methods, machinery, devices, etc., must be determined by experience and inventive genius. Similarly, the culture of camomile, chicory, and bittersweet should be studied in Germany; licorice, saffron, squill, and belladonna culture in Spain; licorice and rheum culture in Turkey and Asia, etc. Following these suggestions would in the end prove most profitable. Much may, of course, be learned from the several attempts that have already been made in this country, particularly in California. For example, hops, insect flower, chicory, canaigre, English mustard, calen- dula, lavendula, tak oak, eucalyptus, rose (American Beauty), poppy, cardamom, ginger, have been grown and marketed with more or less success, to say nothing of the staple crops as onions, sugar-beets, oranges, lemons, limes, olives, carob, asparagus, celery, Indian hemp (for fiber), etc., and the native medicinal plants as cascara, yerba santa, yerba buena, yerba mansa, berberis, manzanita, and others. Numerous gin- seng gardens have been established within recent years in different parts of the United States. Most of the medicinal plants, like most other economic plants, require rich, well-tilled soil. Some thrive best in a moist, rich soil, as rhubarb, belladonna, aconite, luffa, and colocynth, while others thrive better in a rich, sandy, comparatively dry soil, as cacti, aloes, digitalis, and mustard. Some require shade, as hydrastis, ginseng, May apple, wild ginger, etc. Some require rich, somewhat marshy, soil, as the mints, wild ginger, calamus, and iris. These are all data which must be care- fully considered by those who are about to enter upon drug culture. It will be found that most of the plants recommended for cultivation are herbs or herbaceous, either annuals, biennials, or perennials. In the case of biennials it is, of course, necessary to wait two seasons for a marketable crop, as with digitalis, whereas some perennials, as rhubarb and ginseng, require a wait of three or four years before a crop can be marketed. In conclusion, it is desired to call attention to the possibilities in extending the range of successful plant culture, in many instances. We need only recall the extension northward of the orange and lemon culture in California. There is no doubt that many drug-yielding and other plants of the tropics and sub-tropics, which are now considered PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 13 as unlikely of successful culture in California, may on careful and more extended trial do well, as ginger, cardamoms, cinchona, pilocarpus, ipecac, and others. 7. Preparing Vegetable Drugs for the Market.— The following remarks are intended as mere suggestions which it is hoped will be found helpful in working out the most suitable methods applicable in California. The exact chemical constituency of many medical plants is as yet not fully understood and much research work along these lines is still to be done. This applies especially to plants bearing medicinally valuable alkaloids, glucosides, and other active constituents. It is also known that the amount of active constituents varies greatly during the vege- tative period and in plants from different localities, and it would be very desirable for the drug growers to make chemical analyses of the plants grown at intervals of about one or several months, in order to determine the exact period when the active constituents are most abundant and what plant parts are most active. Such work should, of course, be supplemented by a reference to the literature on analyses made of plants growing in other localities. The manner in which the drug is prepared also modifies the active constituents, quantitatively as well as qualitatively, for which reason the following suggestions are offered : Time of Collecting. — Drugs should be collected at the time when the active principle or constituent is present in maximum quantity. Unfor- tunately, this period is as yet not accurately determined for many plants. The chemical analyses above referred to should be applied in order to clear up the uncertainties. Naturally, the time of collecting depends upon the part of the plant to be used. In a general way it may be stated that the drug is collected when the plant organ or part to be used medicinally has reached its full development. Flowers, floral parts, fruits and seeds are collected at the time of maturity ; not before or after maturity. There are, however, numerous exceptions. The flowers of pale rose, lavendula, orange, santonica, the fruits of the poppy, elaterium, vanilla, pepper, allspice and cubeb, are collected before maturity. Most leaves and leafy herbs are collected at the time of flowering or shortly before that period. Generally leaves and herbs not having a strong odor, as aconite, bella- donna, verbascum, stramonium, digitalis, hyoscvamus and others, are to be gathered shortly before blossoming, while aromatic leaves and herbs, as absinthium, tansy, the mints, pennyroyal and rosemary should be collected at the time of blossoming. With drugs represented by subterranean organs, as roots, rhizomes, tubers and bulbs, also the bark of trees and shrubs, the time of collecting is quite variable. The most suitable time for collecting such drugs is 14 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. just prior to or at the time of the cessation of active seasonal growth, and, as is known to the plant grower, this period varies considerably. There are, however, some very notable exceptions to this general rule. Belladonna roots gathered from the blossoming and fruit-bearing plants (July, in the Eastern States and in Europe) are twice as valuable as those collected in March or in October. The roots of taraxacum, vale- rian, gentian, angelica, tormentilla and others, should be collected in the spring, although there is some difference of opinion with regard to taraxacum and valerian, some authorities stating that these roots should be collected in the fall. Aconite roots should be collected from the flowering plants. Roots and rhizomes of perennial herbaceous plants, as calamus, asarum, inula, licorice, hydrastis, ginseng should, as a rule, not be collected before the close of the third year or season. Roots of biennial plants should be collected in the fall of the second year. Barks should, as a rule, be collected in the fall, at the time of the cessation of the active seasonal growth. Leaves are generally collected at maturity, without any special ref- erence to the age of the plant from which they are obtained. However, there are notable exceptions. The best tea is made from the exceedingly young leaves and terminal branches. The best coca leaves are picked from the shrubs three to five years old. The first-year leaves of digitalis and hyoscyamus are not to be used, nor the young (dorsi ventral) leaves of eucalyptus. Collecting the Drug. — It is practically useless to attempt giving sug- gestions which will be of real value to the large grower of medicinal plants. It is very important that detailed information should be obtained from those who have been engaged for years in enterprises of a similar kind. The following are mere hints which may prove useful : Roots, rhizomes and other subterranean organs may be turned up by means of a plow, like potatoes. Picking and removing dirt must no doubt be done by hand, although various mechanical devices, as rake, hooks, etc., may be found very useful. It would be very desirable to invent a device for picking leaves and flowers. In some instances the entire plant may be cut and dried and the leaves removed by flailing, as is done in the case of Eriodictyon calif ornicum (mountain balm). This method could no doubt be employed with other herbaceous and shrubby plants having rather thick leaves which become very brittle on drying. Herbs can, of course, be cut by means of mowing machines. Flowers, fruits, and barks must be collected by hand. Seeds, like mus- tard, are collected by mowing the plants and threshing, as is done in the mustard fields of the Lompoc Valley, California. This method can also be used with umbelliferous fruits, as anise, confirm, caraway, fennel, etc. Some seeds and fruits can be removed from the plants by shaking and afterwards raked together or picked up by hand. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 15 Cleaning and Garbling. — All drugs should be freed from foreign matter which may cling to them. This applies particularly to subter- ranean organs, which must be freed from soil, sand, foreign roots and rootlets and other foreign particles. Most of the dirt may be removed by brisk shaking, especially if the soil, in which the plants have been growing, is quite dry and sandy. Wet adobe soil clings quite tenaciously and after drying it bakes and clings very firmly. Soil which can not be removed by shaking must be removed by washing in clean water. Leaves, herbs, barks, fruits and seeds should never be washed. Washing should only be employed when necessary and should not be prolonged more than is required. Prolonged soaking and washing in water removes much of the active principle and reduces the value of the drug accordingly. Garbling consists in removing by picking, sifting or winnowing all undesirable parts or particles. Careful cleaning and garbling gives the drug a wholesome appearance and adds greatly to its commercial as well as medicinal value. Machinery and various mechanical devices are desirable or necessary in cleaning and garbling. Sorting into grades is not permissible with drugs. That is, separating the crop yield into grades of different qualities, as is generally done with fruits and grains, for only first grades or qualities are wanted. Wholesale as well as retail dealers always call for the best quality drugs. The grower who would place on the market a sorted, inferior article would be guilty of a gross misdemeanor. Peeling, Cutting and Slicing. — These processes hasten drying by increasing surface exposure and increasing the rate of evaporation of moisture. The special function of the epidermis and cork tissue is to reduce the evaporation of moisture from the interior of plant organs. Removing these tissues therefore permits the more rapid escape of moisture ; as a result the drug dries more quickly, which is not only time saving, but also lessens the decomposition of active principles and reduces the tendency toward the development of microbes, molds, mildews and other animal parasites. Occasionally peeling is for the purpose of removing the outer inert portions, as with many barks (cinnamon, elm, soap bark, butternut, etc.) and the fruit of colocynth. In some instances peeling is practiced when it is unnecessary or undesirable, as in the case of ginger and calamus. As a rule drugs which are cut or sliced are not peeled or decorticated for reasons which are perhaps self-evident, though there are exceptions, as for example, rhubarb roots, which are both peeled and cut. The manner of cutting and slicing drugs varies in different countries and with different drug collectors. These operations are performed on fleshy roots, rhizomes, tubers and bulbs. Some are sliced or cut trails- 16 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. versely, as bryonia, calumba, colchicum, chicory, bittersweet, and couch grass; some longitudinally, as gentian, calamus, belladonna, and some are generally cut in any direction, as inula, rhubarb, and zedoary. It should be remembered that peeling, cutting and slicing exposes the tissues containing the active constituents to the climatic influences which hasten their evaporation, dissipation and chemical decomposition, therefore, these operations should be reduced as much as is practicable with a reasonably rapid and uniform method of drying or curing. In other words, the pieces should be left as large as possible. Peeling is done by hand, likewise rossing (removing the outer bark) of barks, but cutting and slicing may be done by suitable mechanical devices. Scalding. — Certain drugs, as ginger, sarsaparillas, curcuma, salep and a few others, are placed in boiling water before drying. This kills the cells and prevents sprouting, it destroys parasites which may be present and hastens drying because moisture escapes much more rapidly from dead cells than from living cells. Liming and Bleaching . — It has become customary to bleach and lime certain drugs, as ginger, calamus, orris root and nutmegs. These processes are not necessary or desirable, excepting perhaps in rare instances, and will be passed over without further comment. Here we may also mention the pernicious custom of coloring certain substances, as tea and coffee. Drying. — After the drug has been collected, cleaned, garbled and otherwise prepared, it is ready to be cured or dried. This is an exceed- ingly important process to which careful attention must be given. The object to be attained is the removal of moisture in order to prevent the development of microbes, higher fungi and other organisms which feed upon the cell contents including more or less of the active con- stituents. It is desirable to dry drugs as quickly as possible. Exposing the drugs to direct sunlight is as a rule not preferable. Drying of leaves and herbs should be done under a shed with open sides and ends to insure free circulation of air. -Fortunately, the work of drying becomes easy as well as simple in California, as most drug-yielding plants mature during the dry season, so that provision for protection from rains need not be made. However, the dews and fogs of the nights, in many localities, especially near the coast, demand special consideration. Large sheds as above suggested should be built with tables or hurdles on which the drug may be spread. These sheds should be long and narrow and the roof should be quite high above the hurdles. The drug should be spread evenly and turned several times daily. The tops of the hurdles or tables should be perforated to permit ready circulation of air from below. As soon as the air becomes very damp in the PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 17 evening the drug should be heaped and covered with canvas to prevent the reabsorption of moisture from the atmosphere. Fleshy drugs (roots, rhizomes, tubers) may be left uncovered for the first few nights. Some drugs can no doubt be dried in the field on the ground, as most herbs, mustard, fennel, caraway, mountain balm and some others. Whether artificial heat is necessary or desirable must be ascertained experimentally. Suitable arrangements for artificial drying will gener- ally give the best results. Kilns like those used in the hop-growing areas of California will serve for drying leaves, herbs, flowers, etc. Such drugs as jalap, rheum, curcuma, ginger, salep, sarsaparilla, and a few others are often dried in ovens, in houses over an open flame, and in other artificial ways, but that is done only in countries where the sun and natural dry air is not available. Packing and Shipping. — As soon as the drug is thoroughly dried, it is ready for packing and shipping. No drug should be packed, either in small or large packages, unless thoroughly dry throughout. Containers, for shipment, whether large or small, should be porous so as to permit the escape of atmospheric moisture and the escape of moisture, slight though it may be, from the drug itself. Gunnysacks, grain sacks, barrels, wooden boxes, paper bags, pasteboard boxes, etc., will be found useful. The problem of size and nature of containers, modes of ship- ment, will solve itself with experience. The important facts to be kept in mind are that the drug should be thoroughly dry when packed, should be put into dry, clean, porous containers, should be stored in a dry place, and should be kept dry in shipment. Marketing Drugs. — It may be assumed that no one will attempt the cultivation of any drug unless there is a market for it. Nor is it rea- sonable to suppose that growers will so glut the market as to reduce the market value very considerably within, say, several years. No doubt the numerous ginseng plantations which have sprung up all over the United States within recent years will sooner or later reduce the market value of this drug, but such effect is not yet appreciable. The grower can easily ascertain by inquiry where he can dispose of his product. Whether he deals with the wholesale houses or with the retail druggist will depend upon his personal inclinations, desires, and ideas of business. Drug Culture and Manufacture. — In many instances it would be most desirable, or even necessary, for the grower to become manufacturer. The grower of lavendula, for example, should manufacture and market the oil of lavender. The California growers of insect flowers manu- facture and also market the insect powder (buhacli) . The manufacturer of belladonna plasters should cultivate the belladonna required in his business. The grower of mints should also manufacture the oil and menthol. This applies especially to the growers of those drugs which 2 — BP 18 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. are used in the fresh or undried state, for example such as yield stear- optens, oils, gums, etc. The mere suggestion must suffice, as it would be impossible, within the scope of this report, to enter into a discussion or fuller explanation. It is reasonable to suppose that a maximum profit accrues from an enter- prise when the resources are developed in all possible directions. If it is profitable, for example, to cultivate mustard, it would no doubt also be profitable to manufacture and market mustard oil. 8. Summarizing- Suggestions. — The foregoing shows, in a general way, the desirability of growing medicinal plants. The subject is treated suggestively, serving as an introduction, not as a citation, of detailed facts which may be put into operation without further investi- gation. The suggestions given, it is hoped, will lead to more rational attempts at drug-plant culture. The proposed enterprise should be most carefully considered from every viewpoint. Does it appear prac- tical in its results? If so, then enter into the work with the intention of making it a success. Half-hearted attempts quite generally result in total failure and serve, furthermore, to discourage others. The follow- ing are the more important factors which must be carefully considered : 1. Is there an adequate market demand (wholesale and retail) for the drug? Is the market demand quite constant or does it fluctuate greatly ? 2. Idas it been demonstrated that the particular drug plant in which you are interested will thrive in the locality in which you desire to grow it? 3. Are climate (temperature, air, moisture, fog. rainfall) and soil suitable ? 4. Is the necessary labor (skilled and unskilled) available? 5. Are the necessary machinery, tools, etc., available ? 6. On how large a scale must the enterprise be undertaken in order to assure a reasonable profit under average conditions? 7. How much capital is required to undertake the venture properly and profitably ? 8. Is there, or will there be, strong competition, and what influence will this have upon launching the enterprise and upon the net results? 9. Are you familiar with the market, and do you know how to reach the market ? This is of great importance. 10. Will it be necessary or desirable to use artificial heat in drying? 11. Is it advisable, also, to become manufacturer? For example, do you intend to grow mint for dealers and for manufacturers only, or do you intend to grow the plants and to manufacture the oil also? 12. Do you intend to supply the retail market or the wholesale market, or both? PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 19 In most instances, a certain amount of garden plat and more exten- sive field experimenting is necessary to determine the best commercially operative methods of procedure, even after being fully informed as to the experimental and commercial operations which may have been carried out successfully in other states or in foreign countries. It is, indeed, important to know how belladonna is grown in Germany, in England, and in the eastern United States, but the methods as em- ployed in those countries do not apply in detail to Californian conditions. The purely experimental work should be done in botanical gardens created for that purpose. The experimental work in such gardens should be dominated by an economical, practical method. All of the other features should be made subsidiary. In other words, the botanical garden should have an economically commercial significance. Its chief function should be to develop the economic botanical resources of the country. To this end, the garden should be divided into two distinct parts. In one should be carried on the purely experimental work — that is, experimental work having a practical significance. In the second part should be carried on test plantings on a practically economic commercial basis. Such gardens need not be large nor expensive, and they should be distributed geographically and climatologically, in order that the greatest good might be accomplished with a minimum of expenditure. The idea is in the main carried out by Kew with its sub- stations and by the experimental stations of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, excepting that the mistake is made of controlling substations from one central point. In fact, as far as the United States are concerned, each State should support, direct, and control its own experimental work, with, of course, a cooperative relationship with the experimental gardens or stations of other states. A very efficient state garden of this kind does not require more than ten acres of ground, a propagating house, a tool shed, an office with store rooms, a competent director, one technical assistant, two or three skilled gardeners, and the necessary additional equipment. The annual cost of maintaining such a garden in high operative efficiency need not exceed $10,000. The financial gain to the State to be derived from such a garden would soon amount to millions of dollars annually. From five to twenty-five prac- tical tests should be carried on at one time, and perhaps two or three tests would be concluded each year. No time and effort should be wasted on useless things, as botanical freaks, botanical curios, purely technical research without practical significance, theoretical research and experiments, etc. Neither should time and effort be wasted on simple experiments which can be done by any agriculturist in any field or garden. Also, such gardens must be in charge of competent directors, men who by technical training and practical experience are qualified to direct such experiments as will bring practical net results in the shortest possible time. 20 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. CHAPTER II. LITERATURE ON DRUG PLANTS AND DRUG PLANT CULTURE. In lieu of records and data from California experimental gardens devoted to medicinal plants, we hereby submit the more important citations to the literature treating of the occurrence, distribution, use and cultivation of medicinal plants, especially those found in the State of California. While some citations to the chemical investigations of drug plants are given, no attempt has been made toward completeness in that direction. Such citations would be of inestimable value to investigators and it is hoped that some one may have the time and the opportunity to complete such a task. It was thought desirable to include a few citations, which do not refer to medicinal plant culture directly. There is, for example, an extensive literature on fertility of soil, chemistry of soil, seed testing and selecting, plant physiology, tilling of soil, etc., which is of more or less importance to those who desire to enter upon the more intelli- gent consideration of drug-plant culture. In some instances the publi- cations are abstracted very briefly : others are not abstracted, as the title is sufficient to indicate the nature of the subject-matter. After consulting the literature here cited, those interested will no doubt be able to obtain additional literature and to secure, through other sources, additional desirable and necessary information. The Department of Agriculture at Washington, the California State Horticultural Society, the College of Agriculture of the University of California, the various California state, county and local promotion and development com- mittees, and the boards of trade of towns and cities are willing and ready to give information in so far as it is possible. Most of the special information, such as range and distribution, morphology, etc., regarding California medicinal plants, will be found in the special California publications, as Pacific Pharmacist, Zoe, Erytiiraea, Pittonia, the Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences, the Geological and Railway Exploration Reports, the Ethnolog- ical Reports and Government Expedition Reports. These may be consulted in the various libraries of the State, as at Sacramento, State University of California, Leland Stanford University, and at the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences. There are also various California floras, written by well-known botanists, as Jepson, Coulter, Behr, Watson and others, which may be consulted by those interested. It will also be found that the literature on the introduced medicinal plants of Cali- PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 21 fornia soon merges into that of the neighboring states and territories, Mexico, Australia, Japan, and other countries. Those desiring further limited information on the morphology, chem- istry, physiological action, uses, etc., of many of the plants mentioned, are advised to obtain a copy of some Dispensatory (National or King’s) or some standard text-book on pharmacognosy, always specifying the latest edition. The National Dispensatory is allopathic while King’s Dispensatory is eclectic. Of the text-books on pharmacognosy, Cul- breth’s and Sayre’s are perhaps the most complete in many ways, and the former is quite up to date on nomenclature. The subject index to the literature will make it possible to collect quickly a nucleus to the literature on the history, range and distribution, chemistry, properties, cultivation, etc., of the plants mentioned. Two almost indispensable publications treating of medicinal plants are The Proceedings op the American Ppiarmaceutical Association and the American Journal op Pharmacy. Most of the references are made to these publications. There are complete sets in the library of the Califor- nia College of Pharmacy, San Francisco, and in other college of phar- macy libraries. I. Citation of Literature in Alphabetical Order by Authors. (1) C. S. Anderson. List of California Marine Alg® with notes. Zoe. v. 2, pp. 217-225. 1891. (2) C. Andrews. Areca nuts. Proc. A. Ph. A. (abstract.) v. 23, 128. 1875. (3) Annual Reports, Board of Park Commissioners of San Francisco. (Thirty- first Rep. 1904.) (4) J. J. B. Argenti. The Olive and its Product. Proc. Calif. Pharm. Soc. 1881. (Abstract.) (5) E. D’Artenay. Berberis aquifolium. Proc. Calif. Pharm. Soc. 1882. (Abstract.) (6) H. H. Babcock. Poisonous properties of Cypripedium spectabile and C. pubescens. Proc. A. Ph. A. (Abstract.) v. 23, p. 137. 1875. (7) L. II. Bailey. Cyclopedia of American Horticulture. New York. 1900. Macmillan Co. (8) Miss J. E. Barbat. Apium graveolens. Proc. Calif. Pharm. Soc. 1884. (Abstract.) (9) C. Bard. Contribution to the History of Medicine in Southern California. Ventura. 1S94. (10) D. P. Barrows. The Ethno-botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California. University of Chicago Press. Chicago. 1900. (11) E. S. Bastin. Structure of Cherry Barks. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 67, pp. 425-435. 1S95. (12) E. S. Bastin. Some further Observations on Cherry Barks. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 67, pp. 595-599. 1895. (13) E. S. Bastin and H. Trimble. A Contribution to the Knowledge of Some North American Conifer®. Am. Journ. Pharm. (Serial) v. 68. 1896. (14) W. R. Beattie. Celery Culture. U. S. Dep’t. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 148. 1902. (15) H. Beckurts. Cinchona Bark Assay Methods. Proc. A. Ph. A. v. 51, pp. 950-975. 1903. 22 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. (16) H. H. Behk. Flora of the Vicinity of San Francisco. San Francisco, 1888. (17) H. H. Behr. Botanical Reminiscences. Zoe. v. 2, pp. 2-6. 1891. (18) Dr. Hans Herman Behr, On the Poisonous Plants Indigenous to Califor- nia. (Reprint.) (19) G. M. Behringer. Some Commercial Vanillas. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 64, pp. 289-294. 1892. (20) H. B. D. Besthorn. Alpinia oficinarum. (Galangal.) Proc. Calif. Pharm. Soc. 1884. (Abstract.) (21) Walter H. Blasdale. On Certain Leaf-hair Structures of Erythraea. v. 1, pp. 252-25S. 1893. (22) Ida M. Blochman. California Herb-lore. Erythraea. v. 1, pp. 190-191, 231-233. 1893. v. 2, pp. 9-10, 39-40, 162-163. 1894. (23) T. S. Brandegee. A New Cottonwood from Baja California. Zoe. v. 1, 274-275. 1S90. (24) T. S. Brandegee. Notes concerning the Collection of Plants, made by Xantus at Cape St. Lucas and vicinity. Zoe. v. 1, pp. 269-272. 1890. (25) T. S. Brandegee. The Vegetation of “Burns.” Zoe. v. 2, pp. 118-122. 1891. (26) T. S. Brandegee. Flora of the California Islands. Zoe. v. 1, pp. 120-148. 1S90. (27) K. Brandegee. Notes on West American Plants. Zoe. v. 1, pp. 82-83. 1890. (28) K. Brandegee. The Plants of Santa Catalina Islands. Zoe. v. 1, pp. 107-115. 1890. (29) Iv. Brandegee. Rhamnus Calif omica and its allies. Zoe. v. 1, pp. 240-242. 1890. (30) K. Brandegee. Asplenium Felix-foemina as a tree fern. Zoe. v. 1, pp. 293-295. 1S90. (31) K. Brandegee. California Loleliacew. Zoe. v. 1, pp. 373-377. 1890. (32) K. Brandegee. Contributions to the Knowledge of West American Plants. Zoe. v. 2, pp. 75-83. 1891. (33) K. Brandegee. The Flora of Yosemite. Zoe. v. 2, pp. 155-167. 1891. (34) K. Brandegee. Plants of San Francisco. Zoe. v. 2, pp. 334-386. 1891. (35) K. Brandegee. Additions to San Francisco Flora. Zoe. v. 3, pp. 49-50. 1892. (36) Iv. Brandegee. Flora of Bouldin Island. Zoe. v. 4, pp. 211-218. 1894. (37) Iv. Brandegee. The Variations of Platystemon and Eschscholtzia. Zoe. v. 1, pp. 278-282. 1S90. (38) W. H. Brewer and S. Watson. Geol. Survey Calif. Cambridge. (39) J. Broughton. On a false Cinchona Bark of India. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 40. pp. 350-355. 1868. (40) R. J. Brown. Catalogue of the Medicinal Flora of the State of Kansas. • Proc. A. Ph. A. v. 29, pp. 425^138. 1881. (41) C. R. Buckalew. The Cultivation of Cinchonas in the United States. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 31, pp. 475-476. 1859. A letter written at Quito, Ecuador, January 16, 1850, recommending that efforts be made to introduce Cinchonas into the United States. (42) Bulletins, Farmers’. Dept of Agriculture. See Nos. 25, 28, 50, 61, 82, 83, 86, 115, 120, 140, 148, 157, 164, 167. (43) J. Calicaris. Punica granatum. Proc. Calif. Pharm. Soc. 1882. (Abstract). (44) California Academy of Sciences, Bulletins 1 (18S4) — (Botanical Papers). (45) California Farmer. San Francisco. 1854 — 1879. (Complete files rare.) (Partial files at Sacramento, Stanford University, and the University of California.) (46) V. K. Chestnut. Some Common Poisonous Plants. Yearbook Dept, of Agriculture, pp. 137-146. 1896. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 23 (47) V. K. Chestnut. Principal Poisonous Plants of the United States. U. S. Dept. Agriculture. Bulletin No. 20. 1898. (48) V. K. Chestnut. Some Poisonous Plants of the Northern Stock Ranges. Yearbook Dept. Agriculture, 1900. (49) V. K. Chestnut. Thirty Poisonous Plants of the United States. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bui. No. 86. 1898. (50) V. K. Chestnut. Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California. Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium, v. 7, (No. 3). 1902. (51) V. K. Chestnut and E. V. Wn.cox. The Stock Poisoning Plants of Mon- tana. U. S. Dept, of Agriculture. Bulletin No. 26. 1901. (52) J. Clavin. Algarobia glandulosa. Am. Jour. Pharm. v. 62, p. 69. 1890. (53) G. C. Close. Chestnut Leaves in Whooping Cough. Proc. A. Ph. A. v. 10, p. 236. 1862. (54) N. A. Cody. Groton procumbens. Proc. Calif. Pharm. Soc. 1881. (Abstract.) (55) J. AY. Colcord. “Canutillo.” ( Ephedra sp.?) Proc. A. Ph. A. v. 32, pp. 462-463. 1884. (56) J. W. Colcord. Rhubarb. Its History, Plabitat, Culture and Preparation with reference to its cultivation in the United States. Proc. A. Ph. A. v. 32, pp. 463-483. 1884. (57) J. W. Congdon. Mariposa County as a Botanical District. Zoe. v. 2, pp. 234-236. 1891. v. 3, pp. 25-43, 124-131. 1892. (58) O. F. Cook. Agriculture in the Tropical Islands of the United States. Year- book Dept. Agriculture, pp. 349-368. 1901. (59) J. G. Cooper. Pacific Railroad Reports, v. 12, p. 61. 1860. (60) L. C. Corbett. Annual Flowering Plants. U. S. Dept, of Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 195. 1904. (61) L. C. Corbett. The House Fruit Garden : Preparation and Care. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 154. 1902. (62) John M. Coulter. Preliminary Revision of the North American Species of Echinocactus, Cereus and Opuntia. Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium, v. 3, No. 7. (63) F. V. Coville and D. T. MacDougal. Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution. AVashington, Nov. 1903. (64) F. V. Coville. The Panamint Indians. The American Anthropologist, v. 5, pp. 351-361. 1892. (65) F. V. Coville. Botany of the Death A’alley Expedition. AVashington, 1893. (66) F. V. Coville. Some Additions to the Vegetable Dietary. Yearbook of the Dept, of Agriculture, pp. 205-214. 1S95. (67) F. V. Coville. Notes on the Plants used by the Klamath Indians of Oregon. Contributions U. S. National Herbarium, v. 5, No. 2, pp. 87-112. 1897. (68) F. A’. Coville. Directions for Collecting Specimens and Information Illus- trating the Aboriginal Uses of Plants. Bui. National Museum, No. 39. 1895. (69) F. A7. Coville. Botany of the Death Valley Expedition. Contrib. U. S. National Herbarium, v. 4. 1893. (70) Crandall. Colorado AA7eeds. Colorado Exp. Sta., Bui. 23. 1893. (71) J. Crawford. Some Local Indigenous Plants of Medical Interest. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 65, 42-50, 149-157. 1893. (72) D. M. R. Culbretii. A Manual of Materia Medica and Pharmacology. Philadelphia and New York. 1904. (73) Cultivation of Medicinal Plants in Victoria, Australia. Proc. A. Ph. A. (Abstract.) v. 21, p. 201. 1873. (74) Cultivation of Mint, Sage and Lavender in England. Proc. A. Ph. A. (Abstract.) v. 23, p. 150. 1875. (75) Cultivation of Medicinal Plants in Jamaica. Director’s Annual Report for 1888. (See Chem. and Drug., Aug. 10, p. 219. 1889.) 24 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEER CULTURE. (76) Anstruther Davidson. Immigrant Plants in Los Angeles County, Cali- fornia. Erythrsea. v. 1, pp. 56-61, 98-104. 1893. (77) Miss A. M. Davidson. California Plants in their Homes. Los Angeles. 1898. (78) R. H. Denniston and H. J. Werner. The structure of the Stem, Root and Leaf of Eschscholtzia californica Cham. Proc. A. Ph. A. v. 51, pp. 269- 271. 1903. (79) De Vry. Cultivation of Cinchona in Java. Am. Jour. Pharm. v. 33, pp. 47-48. 1861. Mentions the difficulties encountered in attempting the introduction of Cinchonas and the importance of acclimatization. (80) De Vry. The Cinchona Culture in India. Am. Jour. Pharmacy, v. 36, pp. 321-323. 1864. (81) L. H. Dewey. Two Hundred Weeds: How to know them and how to kill them. Yearbook Dept, of Agriculture, pp. 529-610. 1895. (82) L. H. Dewey. Migration of Weeds. Yearbook Dept, of Agriculture, pp. 263- 286. 1896. (83) Dispensatory of the United States. Wood, Remington, Sadtler. (18th edition, 1899.) (84) C. R. Dodge. Flax for Seed and Fiber. U. S. Dept, of Agriculture, Farmers’ Bulletin No. 27. 1895. (85) C. R. Dodge. Useful Fiber Plants of the World. U. S. Dept. Agr. Rep. No. 9. 1897. (86) Chas. R. Dodge. Hemp Culture. 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Trans. June, p. 1028. 1875. (99) Sir W. Fawcett. Collecting and Curing Ginger in Jamaica. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 66, pp. 184—188. 1894. (100) Sir. W. Fawcett. Report on Ginger Crops in Jamaica. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 66, pp. 593-595. 1894. (101) J. W. Fewkes. Foods and Food Resources of the Hopi Indians. American Anthropologist, v. 9. (January) 1896. (102) Richard Fischer. The Alkaloids of Glaucium flavum. Proc. A. Ph. A. v. 49, pp. 443-453. 1901. (103) Richard Fischer. The Alkaloids of Eschscholtzia californica. Proc. A. Ph. A. v. 49, pp. 438-443. 1901. v. 50, pp. 451^53. 1902. (104) C. R, Fitzell. Humulus lupulus. Proc. Calif. Pharm. Soc. 1884. (Abstract.) PHARMAC.iL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 25 (105) L. Fitzell. Yerba buena ( Micromeria douglasii Benth. ). Proc. Calif. Pharm. Soc. 1890. (Abstract.) (106) J. Fletscher. Govt. N. W. Ter. Agr. Bui. 1. 1898. (107) C. Flexon. Medicines of the Swampy Cree Indians of the North. Proc. A. Ph. A. v. 45, pp. 242-245. 1897. (108) D. Flint. 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The Cultivation of Licorice Root in the United States. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 67, pp. 72-77. 1895. (290) Miss C. M. Roehr. Marrubium vulgare. San Francisco and Pacific Druggist, v. 10, 1904. (291) P. H. Rolfs. Pineapple Growing. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 140. 1901. (292) A. von Roretz. Camphor Production in Japan. Proc. A. Ph. A. (Abstract.) v. 24, p. 129. 1876. (293) J. N. Rose. Mexican Medicinal Plants. Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium, v. 5, No. 4. (294) Rose Culture in Bulgaria. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 65, pp. 603-606. 1S93. (295) D. W. Ross. Constituents of Oarrya fremontii. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 49, p. 585. 1877. (296) G. C. Roy. Carica papaya. Proc. A. Ph. A. (Abstract.) v. 23, p. 205. 1875. (297) H. H. Rusby. Cascara sagrada and its allies. Proc. A. Ph. A. v. 38, pp. 203-212. 1S90. (298) PI. H. Rusby. Composite Plants Used as Remedies in the South. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 57, pp. 90-91. 1885. (299) PI. PI. Rusby. South American Drugs. Proc. N. Y. 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The Cinchona Forests of South America. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 35, pp. 124-128. 1863. (310) J. O. Schlotterbeck. Botanical Garden and Arboretum of the University of Michigan. Proc. A. Ph. A. v. 47, pp. 491—492. (Abstract.) 1899. (311) Albert Schneider. Suggestions on the Cultivation of Medicinal Plants in California. Pacific Druggist, April and May, 1905. (312) Albert Schneider. Gardens of Medicinal Plants. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 76, pp. 19-30. 1904. 32 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. (313) A. Schneider. The Cultivation of Cinchonas on the Pacific Coast. Drug- gists’ Circular, 40, pp. 426-430. (December) 1905. Gives the references to the literature on the History of Cinchona Cultivation in India and Java. (314) A. Schneider. Notes on the Sources of Rubber. Pacific Druggist. March, 1905. (315) A. Schneider. The Medicinal Plants of the California Indians. Mercks’ Report. 1906. (316) Schombtjrgh. Perfume Plants of South Australia. Pharm. Journ. Trans., Sept. 1879. (317) W. Schwabe. On B-cinchona, a new alkaloid from chinoidine. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 33, pp. 417-421. 1861. (318) W. A. Setchell and N. L. Gardner. Algae of Northwestern America. Berkeley Univ. Press. 1903. (319) G. Sharp. True and False Cactus grandiflorus. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 70, pp. 154-157. 1898. (320) Thomas Shaw. The Rape Plant: Its History, Culture and Uses. Dept. Agriculture, Farmers’ Bulletin No. 11. 1895. (321) Geo. W. Shaw. The California Sugar Industry. Univ. Calif. Publications. College of Agriculture. Bull. No. 149. 1903. (322) C. C. Sherrard. Saw Palmetto ( Sabal serrulata) . Proc. A. Ph. A. v. 42, pp. 309-315. 1894. (323) C. H. Shinn. Culture Work at the Substations. Univ. Calif. Publications. College of Agriculture Bui. No. 147, 1899-1901. (324) A. S. Sholl. Zygadenus fremontii. Proc. Calif. Pharm. Soc. 1881. (Abstract.) (325) P. S. Simmonds. Leaves — Medicinal Uses. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 62, pp. 193-197. 1890. (326) W. Simpson. The Names of Medicinal Plants of Commercial Value that are Gathered in North Carolina : Their Value and Relative Amount Sold in This Country and Exported. (Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 66, pp. 486-490. 1894.) Proc. A. Ph. A. v. 42, pp. 210-220. 1894. (327) J. K. Small. A Monograph of the North American Species of the Genus Polygonum. Mem. Dept. Bot. Colum. Univ. 1895. (328) C. B. Smith and C. F. Longworthy. Chestnuts. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 114 (pp. 9-14). 1900. (329) E. R. Squibb. Pharmacy of the Cinchonas. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 39, pp. 289-303, 398-414, 513-529. 1867. A very complete discussion of the pharmaceutical preparations made from Cinchona Bark. (330) B. F. Stacey. Medicinal Agents of Indians. Proc. A. Ph. A. v. 21, pp. 616-621. 1873. (331) F. Stearns. The Peppermint Plantations of Michigan. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 31, pp. 33-42. 1859. (332) F. Stearns. The Medicinal Plants of Michigan. Proc. A. Ph. A. 1858. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 31, pp. 28-32. 1859. (333) J. G. Steele. The Pines of California. Proc. A. Ph. A. v. 37, pp. 226-244. 1889. (334) J. G. Steele. Grindelia robusta. Proc. A. Ph. A. v. 23, pp. 637-643. 1875. (335) J. G. Steele. Notes on the Oaks of California. Proc. Calif. Pharm. Soc. 1887. (Abstract.) (336) James G. Steele. Report of the Drug Market of San Francisco (Medicinal Plants of California). Proc. A. Ph. A. v. 27, pp. 598-614. 1879. (337) Stephen Powers. Aboriginal Botany. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sc. v. 5. (338) Geo. W. Stoeckel. Indigenous Materia Medica. (Pennsylvania.) Proc. Penn. Pharm. Assoc., pp. 140-148. 1886. (339) L. Thibou. The Febrifuge Principle in the Bark of Olea Europea. Proc. A. Ph. A. (Abstract.) v. 25, p. 138. 1877. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 33 (340) .T. B. Thomas (T. H. P. De Taveea). The Medicinal Plants of the Phillippines. Philadelphia, 1001. (341) M. Timbal-Lagrave. On the Influence of Cultivation upon Medicinal Plants. Am. .Tourn. Pharm. v. 34, pp. 268-273. 1862. (342) A. M. Todd. Mint: Its Early History and Modern Commercial Develop- ment. Proc. A. Ph. A. v. 51, pp. 271-279. 1903. (343) Torrey and Gray. Botanical Reports of the P. R. R. Explorations. War Dept., Yol. II. (344) S. M. Tracy. Cassava. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 167. 1903. (345) PI. Trimble. Some Indian Food Plants. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 60, p. 593. 1889. v. 62, pp. 281, 598. 1890. (346) PI. Trimble and J. C. Peacock. Canaigre Tannin. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 65, pp. 161-169. 1893. ‘ (347) II. Trimble. The Cultivation of Ginseng. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 66, pp. 399, 401. 1894. (348) PI. Trimble. California Soap Plant. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 62, pp. 281, 598. 1890. (349) C. M. Troppman. Rhododendron occidentale. Proc. Calif. Pharm. Soc. 1881. (Abstract.) (350) C. M. Troppman. Chinese Pharmacy. Proc. Calif. Pharm. Soc. 18S7. (Abstract. ) (351) A. C. True. The Date Palm in the United States. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 92. 1S99 (pp. 16-19). (352) A. C. True. Tropical and Subtropical Fruits. PI. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bui. No. 169 (p. 21). 1903. (353) R. IP. True. Cultivation of Medicinal Plants. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 74, pp. 419-422. 1902. (354) Rodney H. True. Cultivation of Medicinal Plants (Paper read before the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, Nov. 17, 1903.) Am. Journ. Pharmacy, v. 75, pp. 584-586. 1903. (355) J. W. Tryon. Mimulus gl/Uiinosis (P'lowering tops). IToc. Calif. Pharm. Soc. 18S2. (Abstract.) (356) Univ. Calif., Coll. Agr. Bui. No. 15S. 1904. Gives full information regarding the manufacture of Olive Oil. Illus- tration of apparatus, etc. (357) University of California, College of Agriculture. Reports 18S7. (Treats of Cinchona culture efforts.) (358) Univ. Calif., Coll. Agr. Bui. No. 149. 1903. The History, Commerce, and Manufacture of Sugar in California. (359) PIniv. Calif., Coll. Agr. Bui. No. 150. 1904. Gives information regarding the occurrence, use, etc. of oaks (Quercns Dotiglasii, Q. dumosa, Q. dumosa bullata, Q. Wislizeni, Q. chrysolepsis, Q. californica, Q. garnjana ) and the Poison Oak ( Rhus diversiloba) . (360) PIniv. Calif., Coll. Agr. Report for 1S94-1905. Contains information on soil, drainage, plant diseases, olives, culture of almonds, peaches, plums, apricots, figs, pears, nectarines, garden vegetables, camphor trees, oaks, mulberries, walnuts, carob, eucalyptus, date palm, sassafras, canaigre, etc. (361) U. S. Dept. Agr. Bureau of Plant Industry. Bui. No. 49. 1903. Full Report on the culture of the Central American rubber tree. (362) U. S. Dept. Agr. Bureau of Plant Industry. Bui. No. 51. 1904. Treats of golden seal ; collection, occurrence, use, cultivation, etc. (363) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 25. 1S96. The Culture and Uses of Peanuts. (364) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 27. 1895. The culture of flax for its seed and fiber. 3 — BF 34 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. (365) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 39. 1896. Contains full informa- tion on onion culture. (366) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 45. 1897. Contains useful sugges- tions on the extermination of pests which infest stored grains. This will be found useful In treating similar pests which infest vegetable drugs. (367) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 50. 1899. Full information on sorghum culture and its value as a forage plant. (368) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bulletin No. 52. 1901. The sugar beet: culture, seed development, manufacture and statistics. Illustr. (369) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 53. 1897. Full information regarding mushroom culture. (370) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 61. 1897. Full information with regard to asparagus culture, insect enemies, fungus diseases, etc. (371) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 62. 1903. Contains suggestions on marketing farm produce, including fruits and vegetables. (372) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 69. 1898. Suggestions on flax culture, heating greenhouses, and on the use of fertilizers. (373) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 73. 1898. Contains suggestions on loss of soil fertility, availability of fertilizers, on seed selection. Also on the culture and use of Jerusalem artichoke ( Helianthus tuberosus) . (374) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 89. 1904. Full information regarding the cowpea (Vigna sinensis). Useful forage plants and crop rotation. (375) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 94. Useful suggestions on gardening, selection of ground, tilling, selection of seeds, seeding, trans- planting, etc. Contains specific directions with regard to the culture of the Jerusalem artichoke, asparagus, beans, beets, cabbage, carrots, cauli- flower, celery, lettuce, martynia, okra, onions, parsley, parsnips, peas, potatoes, radishes, rhubarb, salsify, spinach, squash, sweet corn, sweet potatoes, tomato, and turnips. Of great general value. (376) IT. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 110. 1900. Full information on rice culture in the United States. (377) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 129. 1902. Full information on the culture, etc., of the sweet potato. (37S) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 133. 1901. Contains useful sug- gestions on fertilizing ; on the culture of celery and on the fumigation of trees. (379) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bulletin No. 140. 1901. Full information regarding the cultivation of the pineapple ; on canning, shipping, on crop diseases, etc. (380) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 148. 1902. Full information with regard to celery culture, celery diseases, methods of bleaching, etc. (381) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 149. 1902. Contains suggestions on gardening, culture of plums, onions, muskmelons, and strawberries. (382) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 153. 1902. Treats of the plant parasites of the Pacific coast and the methods employed to combat them ; the value and use of various germicides. (383) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 154. 1902. Contains suggestions on establishing fruit gardens, combined fruit and vegetable gardens, etc., number of plants per acre, etc. (384) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 157. 1902. Contains useful sug- gestions on the propagation of plants from cuttings, bulbs, tubers, rhizomes ; by layering, grafting, etc. (385) IT. S. Dept. Agr, Farmers’ Bulletin No. 158. 1902. Suggestions on building small irrigation ditches. Useful for Californians. (386) IT. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 161. 1902. The entire Bulletin devoted to practical suggestions for fruit-growers, as tilling, pruning, fer- tilizing, spraying, etc. Illustrations of spraying outfits. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 35 (3S7) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 164. 1903. Rape culture, with special reference to Oregon conditions. (388) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 167. 1903. Full information regarding cassava (Manihot aipi and varieties) culture. This report should be supplemented by consulting the Reports of the University of California, Dept. Agr. and those of the California Horticultural Society. (389) U. S. Dept. Aqr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 174. 1903. Full report on broom- corn culture in the United States. (390) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 186. 1904. Contains suggestions on the culture of taraxacum, on sterilizing greenhouse soil, and on macaroni wheat. (391) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 187. 1904. Suggestions on soil drainage. (392) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 18S. 1904. Contains a list of twenty-five common weeds which have medicinal properties, with suggestions on collecting, drying and marketing them. (393) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 195. Much useful information on establishing larger and smaller gardens, hotbeds, cold frames, pits. etc. Gives specific instructions (with illustrations) on the culture of ageratum, alyssum, aster, balsam, calendula, California poppy, coreopsis, campanula, candy-tuft, castor bean, chysanthemums, clarkia, cockscomb, Cobaea scandens, columbine, canefiower, cornflower, cosmos, evening primrose, forget-me-not, four-o’clock, foxglove, gaillardia, hollyhock, ipomea. moon flower, cypress vine, larkspur, lobelia, marigold, nasturtiums, nemophila. pansy (viola tricolor), petunias, phlox, pinks, poppy, portulacca, scarlet sage, snapdragon, stocks, sunflower, sweet peas, verbenas, and zinnia. (394) U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 19S. 1904. Full information with regard to culture, packing, shipping, etc., of strawberries. . (395) Chas. H. La Wall. The Drug and Herb Vendors of the Sidewalks of Philadelphia. Am. Journ. Pharm. v. 72, pp. 59-66. 1900. (396) O. A. Wall. Notes on Pharmacognosy. St. Louis, 1902. (397) Theo. H. Wardleworth. Pharmaceutical and Economic Plants of Jamaica. Trans. Brit. Pharm. Conf. 421-M27. (398) W. Weaver. Cinchona Cultivation in California. Proc. A. Ph. A. (Ab- stract.) v. 29, pp. 151-152. 1880. (399) B. E. Weaver. The Olive and its Product. San Francisco and Pacific Drug- gist. v. 10, pp. 17-22. 1904. (400) H. J. Webber and E. A. Bessey. Progress of Plant Breeding in the United States. Yearbook Dept, of Agriculture, pp. 465—190. 1S99. (401) J. Id. Webber. Influence of Environment in the Origination of Plant Vari- eties. Yearbook Dept, of Agriculture, pp. 89-106. 1896. (402) H. S. Wellcome. Yerba santa of California. Proc. A. Ph. A. (Abstract.) v. 24, pp. 134-135. 1876. (403) W. T. Wenzell. On Abietine. San Francisco and Pacific Druggist, v. 10, pp. 13-14. 1904. (404) W. T. Wenzell. On Oleum Chamaecyparis Lawsonie. Proc. Calif. Pharm. Soc. 1884. ( Abstract. ) (405) W. T. Wenzell. Pharmacy in California. Proc. A. Ph. A. v. 18, pp. 19S- 201. 1870. (406) Carl Wesciike. The Medicinal Plants of Minnesota. Pharm. Rundschau. July, 1890. (407) I-I. M. Wheeler. U. S. Geog. Survey, West of the 100th Meridian, v. 6. (Botany.) (408) M. Whitney and M. L. Floyd. Growth of the Tobacco Industry. Yearbook of the Dept, of Agriculture, pp. 429-440. 1899. (409) W. B. Whitney. Euphorbia eremocarpus. Proc. Calif. Pharm. Soc. 1884. (Abstract.) (410) M. Whitney. Methods of Curing Tobacco. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 60. 1898. 36 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND TIIEIR CULTURE. (411) E. J. Wickson. Irrigation in Fruit Growing. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 116. 1900. (412) J. Wiesner. RohstofEe des Pflanzenreiches, 2 vols. Leipzig, 1900-1903. Vol. I is most useful. (413) H. W. Wiley. Soil Ferments Important in Agriculture. Yearbook Dept. Agr., pp. 69-102. 1895. (414) Wilkes. U. S. Exploring Expedition, v. 4, p. 362. 1845. (415) A. P. Woods. The Relation of Nutrition to the Health of Plants. Yearbook of Agriculture, pp. 155-176. 1901. (416) W. M. Young. Megarrhisa californica. Proc. Calif. Pharm. Soc. 1882. (Abstract.) (417) Zoe. v. 1-4. (1890-1894.) II. Subject Index to Literature. (The numbers refer to the serial numbering of the author citations.) 403 312 252 254 207 201 168 52 178 250 175 20 224 252 220 253 241 122 250 291 211 126 8 182 Abietine Aconite Agave Americana 170, 175, 251, Agaves 232, Agaves, culture Ailanthus glandulosa Algai, marine 1, Algarobia glandulosa Alkaloids, vegetable Almonds i Aloe, American 170, Alpinia officinarum Alstonia constricta American agave 251, American drugs American ginseng American med. plants American opium Amygdalis Ananas Anemopsis Californica Annatto Apium graveolens Apple, balsam Areca catechu 172 Areca nuts 2 Argentine med. plants 238 Asparagus culture 137, 370 Asplenium Felix foemina 30 Assay of Cinchonas 15 Astragali, poisonous 119 Attar of rose 294, 305 Australian fever bark 244 Australian plants 218 Balsam, apple 182 Bark, Cinchona 39 Bay laurel 115 Beet, sugar 368 Belladonna 312 Benne culture 266 Benzoin 120 Berberis aquifolium 5 Birch oil 181 Bixa orellana 126 Bot. gardens 310, 311 Bouldin Island 36 Brassica rapa 157 Brazilian drugs 163 Brazilian plants 270 Broomcorn 141, 389 Buckthorns 297 Buckthorn, structure of 116 Buhach 246 Bulgarian roses 294 Bulletins, California 44 Bulletin, Farmers’ 42 Burdock 256 "Burns” vegetation 25 Cactus grandiflorus 319 California Bay laurel 154 Calif, cinchona culture 398 Calif, flora 38, 137 Calif, herb lore 22 Calif. Islands flora 26 Calif, manna 1 212 Calif, med. plants 9, 118, 312 Calif, oaks 335 Calif, opium 226 Calif, pharmacy 405 Calif, pines 333 Calif, plants 77, 262-265 Calif, poisonous plants 18 Calif, survey 38 Calif, wild flowers 267 Camphor 292 Camphor, Ngai 135 Canadian med. plants 301 Canutillo 55 Cape St. Lucas flora 24 Carica papaya 177, 189, 296 Cascara sagrada 297 Cassava 344, 38S Castanea leaves 53 Celery culture 14, 378, 380 Century plants 232 Cephalanthus occidentalis 142 Cereus 62 Cheap drugs 197 Chenopodium California 255 Cherokee med. plants 97 Cherrv barks 11. 12 Chia 260 Chinese pharmacy 233, 350 Cinchona 309 Cinchona alkaloids 15, 317 Cinchona barks 1 150 Cinchona bark assay 15 Cinchona bark, false 39 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 37 Cinchona cultivation, 41, 79, 80, 13S, 229, 230, 231 Cinchona cult, in California_258, 313. 398 Cinchona, Jamaican 283 Cinchona preparations 329 Citrus culture 204 Climate 169 Clover, red 275 Coahuilla Indians 10 Colorado flora 277 Colorado weeds 70 Conifer® 13 Convallaria majalis 130 Cottonwood 23 Cowpea 374 Creating new fruits 115 Cree Indians 107, 159 Crocus sativus 146, 205 Croton procumbens 54 Cultivation of Cinchonas, 41, 79, 80, 138, 313 Cultivation, med. plants, 73, 75, 158, 161, 162, 313, 353, 354 Culture of jalap 92 Cusso 109 Cypripedium poison 6, 236 Dammara australis Damar gum Date palm Death Valley Deer’s tongue Desert laboratory . Dietary, vegetable . Digitalin Digitalis Drainage Drainage of soil Drugs Drugs, American Drugs, Brazilian _ Drugs, cheap Drug culture 247 247 351 65 239 63 66 186 312 360 391 72, S3, 306, 396 220 to 229 163 197 147. 187. 190, 196, 198, 312, 341, 353, 354 Drug export 132 Drug history 112 Drugs, Japanese 164, 165, 30S Drugs and medicines 87, 241 Drug pests 366 Drug plants 87, 192, 222, 223 , 241 Drugs of San Francisco 336 Drug vendors 200, 395 Echinacea angustifolia 210 Echinocactus 62 Economic plants 134, 153, 154 Edible kelps 168 English drugs 147 Eschscholtzia 37 Eschscholtzia alkaloids 103 Essential oils 110 Euphorbia eremocarpus 409 Euphorbia ocellata 202 Experimental plant culture 121 Export of drugs 132 False Cinchona bark 39 Farmers’ bulletins 42 Ferments, in soil 413 Ferns 26S Ferula sumbul 160 Fever bark 339 Fever bark, Australian 244 Fiber, of flax 84 Fiber plants 85 Flax culture 364 Flax seed 84 Flora, California 38, 173 Flora, California Islands 26 Flora, Catalina Islands 28 Flora, of parks 3 Flora, of San Francisco 16, 34, 35 Flora, St. Lucas 24 Flora, western 167 Flora, Yosemite 33 Flowering plants 60 Food plants, Australian 219 Food plants, Indian 143 Fruit garden 61 Fruit growing 386 Fruit hybrids 271 Fruit tree irrigation 411 Fruits 352, 371 Fruits, new 115 Fumigation 378 Fungicides 382 Galls, willow 174 Ga rden 61 Gardening 375, 381, 393 Garrya fremontii 295 Gelsemium sempervirens 93 Germination of seeds 303 Ginger culture 188 Ginger, Jamaica 99, 100 Ginseng 269,312 Ginseng, American 253, 312 Glaucium flavum 102 Glycyrrhiza culture 2S9 Golden Seal 312, 362 Grapes, diseases of 272 Grindelia robusta 334 Gum. mezquit 240, 290 Gum, sweet 2S2 Gums 20S Hagenia abyssinica : 109 Hedera helix 140 Hemp culture 86 Herbs, English 147 Herb lore 22 Herb vendors 395 Ileteromelas arbutifolia 214 History of drugs 112 History of horticulture 156 Hoarhound 290 Home plants 77 Honey, poisonous 179 Hop culture 284 Hops 104, 108 Hopi Indians 101, 166 Humulus lupulus , 104, 108 Hydrastis 362 Hypogsea 136, 363 Indian food plants 143, 345 38 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. Indian medicinal plants. 50, 98, 159, 259, 2G1, 315, 330, Indians G6, Indians, Coahuilla Indians, Hopi Indians, Panamint Indians, Swampy Cree Indigenous plants Insect flowers Insect powder Irrigation 169, Irrigation of fruit trees Island of California __ Islands, tropical •Talap culture Jamaica cinchona Jamaica ginger 99, Japanese drugs Kalmia latifolia • Kansas med. plants Kelps Kelps, edible — King’s Dispensatory Klamath Indians Laboratory, desert Laurel, California Lavender culture 74, Leaf hairs Leaves, medicinal Liatris odoratissima Licorice culture Lily of the Valley Lobeliaceaa : _ Liquidambar Lolium Loco weeds 89, Los Angeles plants Lycopodium clavatum Macaroni wheat Manihot aipi Marah muricatus Marine algse 1, 168, Mariposa County Marrubium Materia medica Medicinal leaves Medicines Medical plants, 71, 73, 75, 121, 221, 298, 299, Med. plants of Argentine Med. plants of California 9, Med. plants of Canada Med. plants, Cherokees Med. plant culture 353, Med. plants of Indians, 50, 98, 259, 261, 315, 330, Med. plants of Kansas _ Med. plants of Mexico Med. plants of Minnesota Med. plants of Michigan Med. plants of New York Med. plants of North Carolina Med. plants of Pennsylvania Med. plants of Philadelphia Medicinal weeds 149, 392 Megarrhiza 144, 416 Mezquit 1 90 Mezquit gum 240, 280 Middle California plants 129 Mexican med. plants 293 Mexican plants 131 Michigan med. plants 332 Micromeria douglasii 105 Migration of weeds 82 Milkweed rubber 302 Mimulus glutinosus -_i._ 355 Minnesota med. plants 267, 406 Mint 342 Mint culture 74, 242, 331 Mushroom culture 369 Mushrooms 249 Myrtles : 224 New fruits 115 New York med. plants : 203 North Carolina med. plants 326 Nutrition of plants 415 Ngai camphor 135 Oaks 335, 359 Oil of birch bark 184 Oil of wintergreen 184 Olea 4 Olea bark 339 Olive 4, 399 Olive culture 273 Olive oil 356 Onion culture 365 Opium, American 122 Opium, California — - 226 Opium. Persian 235 Opuntia 62 Orchard trees 193 Oreodaphne Californica 145 Panamint Indians 64 Parasites, plant 382 Park flora 3 Parks, San Francisco 3 Pawpaw 177 Pawpaw culture 189 Peanuts 136, 363 Pennsylvania med. plants 338 Peppermint culture 331 Pepper tree 209 Perfume plants 316 Perfumes .110, 304 Persian opium 235 Pests, of drugs 336 Pharmacy, in California 405 Pharmacy, Chinese 350 Philippine med. plants 340 Pineapple — 291, 379 Pines 13 Pines of California 333 Plant breeding 400, 401 Plant culture 360 Plant dietary 66 Plant lore 22 Plant parasites 382 Plant products 412 Plant propagation 384 337 27S 10 166 64 107 91 246 246 385 411 26 58 92 2S3 100 164 1S3 40 1 168 213 66 63 145 242 21 325 239 2S9 130 31 282 114 307 76 228 390 388 182 31S 57 290 72 325 S7 300 23S 118 301 97 354 337 40 293 406 332 203 321 338 340 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 39 Plant variation 401 Plants, Australian 218 Plants, Death Valley 65 Plants, economic 134 Plants, edible 66 Plants, flowering 60 Plants, indigenous 91 Plants, Mariposa County 57 Plants, medicinal 71 Plants, of Mexico 131 Plants, poisonous 46, 47, 48, 49, 51 Plants, products of 245 Plants of Santa Barbara 113 Platystemon 37 Poisonous Astragali 119 Poisonous honey 179 Poisonous plants 46, 47, 48, 49, 51 Poisonous plants, California 18 Polygonum 327 Pomegranate 43 Propagation, plant 384 Punica granatum 43 Pyrethrum 246 Quinine sulphate 185 Rape 157, 220 Rape culture 387 Red clover 124, 275 Resins 20S Rhamni, structure of 116 Rhamnus 297 Rhamnus Californica 29 Rhamnus species 116 Rhododendron occidentale 349 Rhubarb, cultivation 56, 312 Rice culture 294 Rose culture 376 Rose oil 294 Roses 305 Rubber, milkweed 302 Rubber plants 314 Rubber tree 361 Rumex hymenosepalus 257 Sabal serrulata 285, 322 Saffron culture 146, 205, 24S Sage culture 74, 242 Salix galls 174 San Francisco Bay plants 128 San Francisco drugs 336 San Francisco flora 35 San Jacinto Mts. 133 Sassafras 281 Santa Barbara flora 113 Santa Catalina islands 28 Saw palmetto 322 Schinus molle 209 Seasons, wet and dry 234 Seed of flax 84 Seed germination 303 Seeds 274 Seeds, oil producing 152 Shrubs 181 Sneezeweed 225 Soap plant 348 Soil 169 Soil drainage 391 Soil ferments 413 Soil fertility 373 Soil preparation 360 Soil sterilization 390 Sonora gum 125 Sorghum culture 367 Southern vanilla 239 Spraying 386 Sterilization of soil 390 Strawberries 394 Sugar 358 Sugar beet 369 Sugar industry , 321 Sumbul culture 160 Survey of California 38 Survey of Mexico 94 Swampy Cree Indians 107 Sweet gum 282 Symbiosis 114 Sweet potato 377 Synonomy 215 Tannin plants 216 Taraxacum culture 390 Tea 206 Thea viridis : 200 Tobacco culture 408 Tobacco curing 410 Trees 181 Trichome structure 21 Trifolium 124 Tropical islands 58 U. S. Dispensatory 83 Vanilla 155 Vanilla culture 171 Vanilla, southern 239 Vanillas 19 Variation, in plants 401 Vegetable alkaloids 178 Vegetable fiber 85 Vendors of drugs 200 Veratrum, constituents 343 Viburnum species 227 Vigna sinensis 374 Viola tricolor 195 Weeds 81, 82 Weeds of Colorado 70 Weeds, extermination 81 Weeds, loco 89 Weeds, medicinal 149, 392 Weeds, migration 82 West American flora 27, 32 Western flora 167, 176 Wheat, macaroni 390 Whooping cough 53 Wild flowers, California 267 Willow galls 174 Wintergreen oil 184 Yerba buena 105 Yerba mansa 211 Yerba santa 402 Yosemite flora 33 Zingiber 99, 100 Zingiber culture 188 Zygadenus fremontii 324 40 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. CHAPTER III. SOME DRUG PLANTS WHICH MAY BE CULTIVATED PROFITABLY IN CALIFORNIA. Drug plant culture can be considered from the purely theoretical standpoint as well as from the wholly practical standpoint. The former offers roseate promises and hopes, the latter generally starts in with a long series of disappointments. The two are to each other as day and night, and yet it would appear that they go hand in hand, with the latter as an outgrowth of the former. Theoretical drug culture gradually gives way to the purely field culture. Finally, as success looms up big, after many failures, all theorization is cast to the four winds, and the main reliance is placed upon the hoe and the plow, using the theoretical merely as a bit of background. The man without some means is not advised to go into drug culture. He should put what little money he has into a bank, or invest it in something better established and more promising than drug plant cul- ture. Furthermore, the enterprise must be undertaken on a fairly large scale, otherwise the net profits will not make it worth while. The all-important advice is, don’t dabble; go into the enterprise in a whole- souled way and stick to it. This requires some money, good judgment or brains, and patience. In any new field of enterprise a certain amount of purely experi- mental work is absolutely unavoidable. This experimental work is always conducted at a financial loss; however, the loss can be reduced to a minimum through wise and careful forethought. The following suggestions, with those already given, must suffice : 1. Experimental Phase. — Having decided upon the preliminaries, as to what drug plant or plants can in all probability be grown success- fully and profitably in your territory, the possible market, available finances, etc., set aside an area or plat of good arable land in which to carry on what is commonly called a field experiment. Prepare this plat properly and plant it to the particular plant or plants that you intend to grow on a large scale. The details can not be gone into. Each plant tried requires special conditions. The area set aside may be only a few feet square, or it may comprise from two to ten acres. The experimenting may continue for one, two, or even three seasons. In this time the details of cultural and other operations must be worked out, as depth of plowing the soil, time of seeding, transplanting, culti- vating, hoeing, irrigating, harvesting, drying, marketing, etc. It is advised to proceed cautiously. Consult all available literature on the subject, some of which is given in the publications cited. This will PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 41 serve as a foundation regarding the particular drug plant you may desire to cultivate. Don’t begin on a large or commercial scale until the preliminary details have been worked out to a satisfactory conclusion. Of course, opportunities for further experimenting will always exist, as the abso- lutely perfect will never be reached. During this experimental period surprises and disappointments will come thick and fast. The disap- pointments will appertain very largely to the great alterations required in the theoretical drug plant culture. Where you hoped to realize some $2,000 or more at the end of the first or second year, you will, in all probability, find that you lost that amount instead, but you will have gained wonderfully in experience, and this experience is a personal asset which can not be taken from you by any one. 2. Commercial Phase. — Based upon the purely experimental phase, you are now ready to exter upon the commercial phase. That is the work (still of an experimental nature) now carried on on a scale suffi- ciently large to prevent a financial loss, even if there may be no marked gain. It would be useless to enter upon details, as these will be fully known by the time you have completed the experiments. Certain cultural enterprises can not be undertaken successfully by individuals, because of the necessary financial outlay which they entail. These should be undertaken by the State or by the Federal Govern- ment, or perhaps by wealthy individuals or corporations. The intro- duction of cinchonas into India by the British Government, and into Java by the Dutch Government, cost these nations large sums of money. There is little doubt that cinchonas could be grown in portions of California, as, for example, in the immediate coast region, from Santa Barbara southward. Irrigation would be necessary. A half- hearted attempt was made by the Department of Agriculture of the ; University of California in 1887. 1 The matter was again urged by the writer in 1905, 2 but thus far no one has appeared who is willing to invest the money necessary to properly attempt the introduction of cinchonas into California. Camphor trees thrive exceedingly well in California, having escaped from cultivation in places. To grow a camphor tree forest, suitable for the production of camphor on a profitable commercial scale, would no doubt require an outlay of money far beyond the pocketbook of the average individual. Pilocarpus apparently thrives in the southern coast regions of the State. Attempts to introduce this plant should be carried out much as for cinchona. ’Univ. Calif., Coll. Agr. Reports for 1887. 2The cultivation of Cinchonas on the Pacific Coast, Druggists’ Circular, 40 ; pp. 426- 430 (December, 1905). 42 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. Cascara culture could be carried out very successfully in the north- ern portions of the State, but only by an owner of large holdings and who was in possession of considerable wealth. To start a forest which would, in time, yield profitable quantities of cascara bark requires a vast amount of money. Attar roses could no doubt be grown successfully in the southern portions of the State, with sufficient capital and intelligent and experi- enced energy. The necessary preliminary experience must be obtained in Turkey, Bulgaria, France, and other countries yielding attar of rose. Laurel and cinnamons thrive in the State, but whether they could be cultivated profitably is doubtful. Ginger, cardamoms, aloes, etc., thrive in southern California. Some persons appear to be greatly disappointed on being informed that the stories about there being big money in cultivating drug plants are not all reliable. However, what has been done in Austria, Ger- many, Spain, France, and England can be done in the United States, particularly in California. We shall now cite a few of those drug plants which can be grown successfully and profitably within the State of California. This assump- tion is based upon experimental evidence and numerous other data which has been gathered from time to time. 1. Absinthium.— -This and related plants thrive exceedingly well. It is a rank-growing herbaceous plant, which can be cultivated with comparatively little care. Requires rich, moist soil. Any of the low- lands along the coast or of any of the interior valleys would do. Must be grown on a large scale to secure any profits. The grower should also be manufacturer of the oil. The market for oil and herb should be carefully looked into before beginning culture on a commercial scale. 2. Aconitum.— Aconite appears to be scarce, and much that is now on the market is adulterated. Several species are substituted for the true medicinal aconite ( A . napellns) . The herb is quite common in California as an ornamental flowering plant. It is extensively culti- vated in England and other European countries, where it has become naturalized. It will no doubt thrive in any of the valley lands of California, requiring rather light, rich soil, with ample soil moisture. In the southern portions of the State, irrigation would no doubt be necessary. In fact, more or less irrigation is desirable in all parts of California, excepting, perhaps, in the extreme northern sections. Plant in rows three to three and one half feet apart. Cultivate like ordinary field crops. We would strongly advise cultivating the officinal aconite for PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 43 medicinal use, as the genuine drug is rather scarce. The market, though limited, is constant. 3. Anise.— This rank-growing herb thrives exceedingly well in California. Has escaped from cultivation, and is a troublesome weed in places. The grower should also manufacture the oil. 4. Belladonna. — This plant recpiires rich, moist soil, with ample atmospheric moisture in the form of low fogs. The immediate coast region of California is suitable, particularly from Santa Barbara north- ward. It has been grown experimentally in Los Angeles (Mr. Geo. Hill), in Golden Gate Park (Garden of Medicinal Plants), Berkeley (University Experimental Gardens, and at the writer’s home), at Salinas, Fruitvale (Clias. Bixby), and on a commercial scale at Castro Valley. The seeds are started in cold frames in October, the seedlings are cared for in the cold frames that winter, and the spring and summer of the season following, and transplanted in the following winter. Two and three crops can be gathered in one season, with or without irriga- tion. The roots are taken up at the end of the third or fourth season. The alkaloidal content of the California-grown belladonna is remark- ably high, in both stems and leaves (0.35 to 0.82 per cent). The entire her!) is marketed. For further details as to culture in California, etc., see Proc. A. Pit. A., v. 57, pp. 833-843. 1909. 5. Calamus.— A marsh or bog plant which could no doubt be grown profitably in the wet, marshy soils of California, along with mints. Like the mints, it has perennial runners or rhizomes, and, after once being started, takes care of itself. The rhizomes can be secured from the notheastern United States, where it is native. 6. Cannabis. — This tall, rank, fiber plant thrives exceedingly well in California. It may be grown as a fiber plant or for medicinal pur- poses, or for both purposes. It thrives best in rich, moist, sandy loam. It should be culturally tried out in the irrigated desert lands of south- eastern California, as the probable ideal country for its culture (near Yuma, Imperial Valley, Chucawalla Valley). The cultural possibilities of the plant are unlimited, because of the value of its fiber. Only the dried flowering tops of the pistillate plants are used medicinally. The prospective grower must decide whether culture is for medicinal purposes, for manufacturing purposes as a fiber plant, or both. (See Dispensatories and standard works on Materia Medica, Proc. A. Ph. A., v. 57, pp. 843-845. 1909. State and U. S. Gov’t. Reports on Hemp Culture, etc.) 7. Camomile. — The several recognized medicinal species thrive exceedingly well. A native camomile ( matricaria discoidea D. C.) is PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTORE. 44 much used as a domestic remedy, as a tonic diaphoretic and to check diarrhoea; particularly useful in bowel and stomach complaints of children. It has a very pleasant odor, recalling apple blossoms. There is no reason why this should not displace the German camomile. Easily cultivated, in quite dry, sandy, and loamy soil. No irrigation required. 8. Crocus. — This liliaceous plant requires rich, moist soil. The chief difficulty in its profitable culture is the cost of labor. A care- fully watched commercial experiment carried on for one or two years would make it possible to determine whether or not the culture of this plant could be carried on profitably. Is successfully grown in Pennsyl- vania. It could no doubt be cultivated in association with colchicum, and perhaps connallaria, which require similar soil conditions. 9. Dandelion. — This plant grows in every country. A common lawn weed. The profit in dandelion culture is doubtful, because of the low price for the drug and because of high-priced American labor. Gathering the roots will prove costly. 10. Dill and Related Plants. — Thrive exceedingly well in Cali- fornia. Ordinary soil will serve. Conium, caraway, fennel, and celery are closely related to dill, similar in appearance and may be similarly cultivated. Cultivation is quite simple. Sow broadcast on good soil kept free from w7eeds. 11. Eriodictyon. — This popular native drug plant could no doubt be grown profitably on waste hillside lands. Quite common on the coast hills of middle and northern California. Seed can be obtained from the wild-growing plants. Clear the hillside land and sow7 the seed broadcast. 12. Foxglove.— Very common as an ornamental plant (both the English and the German). It requires fairly rich soil with ample moisture. Plant in row7s three feet apart, eight inches apart in the row. Leaves can easily be removed by stripping from the stalks. Has escaped from cultivation and occurs spontaneously along the coast region of California and as far north as Vancouver Island. Accord- ing to reports (G. H. P. Lichthardt of Sacramento and IT. K. Mulford Co. of Philadelphia), the California-grown digitalis is rich in active principles. 13. Ginseng.— This plant ( Aralia quinquef olia) has been grown at Sunnyvale and several other places in California. It requires artificial shading and very rich, moist soil. The successful cultivation of this plant requires special knowledge, a long wait for the first crop (four to six years), special cultural methods and careful collecting and drying. Most of the wild-growing ginseng in the United States has been exter- minated by collectors, though it may still be found from Canada south- PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 45 ward to Tennessee, in the eastern half of the United States. The true Chinese ginseng is perhaps a different species. Living roots should be imported for experimental purposes. There are numerous private and government reports on ginseng culture, which should be consulted before actual cultural work is begun. See, also, Dispensatories. We would strongly advise a visit to several ginseng plantations in the United States, for the purpose of studying cultural methods, before beginning operations. On this occasion arrangements can also be made to secure seeds and roots for starting the cultural work. Seeds cost about one cent apiece and require eighteen months to germinate. One year roots sell for 10 cents each. 14. Hemlock.— A highly poisonous weed which will thrive any- where. Grown much like dill, caraway, anise and related plants. Has escaped from cultivation. The market demand is quite limited. Might be grown in conjunc- tion with other medicinal plants, especially those which are closely related, as anise, fennel, etc. Caution must be observed to avoid mixing of plants in the field. 15. Henbane.— A biennial narcotic weed, which can be grown in any fairly good soil. Culturally it could be associated with stramonium, Indian hemp ( Cannabis indica) , tobacco and belladonna. Considerable experimental work is required in establishing the cul- ture of this plant in California and elsewhere in the United States, in order to determine what effect cultivation will have on the yield of active constituents. In order to make culture profitable, the herb (flowering) must be used. Two forms of henbane are known, the annual and the biennial. The former is not desirable medicinally. It would appear that the biennial form, which is official in the United States Pharmacopoeia, tends to flower even during the first year in California. We would advise experi- mental cultivation for a period of from three to five years, in order to determine the alkaloidal yield of first-year leaves (of flowering, as well as of non-flowering, plants) and second-year leaves, of upper stems, lower stems, influence of sun, fog, irrigation, etc. It thrives exceedingly well in the coast region of California. 16. Hydrastis. — This is grown something like ginseng, though some declare that artificial shading is not necessary. Hydrastis could be cultivated in conjunction with ginseng. A patch of rich soil, with lath shading, 200 by 200 feet, devoted to ginseng and hydrastis would probably keep one man busy most of the time. So far, no one has attempted the commercial culture of hydrastis in California, although the few experimental attempts have shown that it thrives exceedingly well. 46 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 17. Lavender.— Thrives well throughout the State. The grower should also manufacture the oil. No doubt, excellent oil lavender could be grown on the hillsides along the coast region of middle and southern California. 18. Licorice.— It would appear that in certain parts of the State the conditions for growing licorice are ideal. It thrives best in fine soil in bottom lands, where there is abundant moisture during the growing season, but where the ground bakes hard during the late sum- mer months, which is favorable to the formation of the sweet con- stituents. The plants would have to be started from seed, but subse- quent propagation is from cuttings (waste) left from the harvesting process. Planted in rows four feet apart, four inches apart in the rows. Growth is slight the first and second year. Harvesting begins in the fall of the third or fourth year, after the first transplanting, and continues every year after that. A trench is dug between the rows, two to three feet deep, and all roots found removed. The dirt from the next trench is thrown into the first, and so on. This drug plant is well worthy of a trial. The California orange lands would no doubt prove ideal for licorice culture. We would also suggest the irrigated, alluvial, desert lands of southeastern California. Cultivation in a dry, hot atmosphere is said to increase the active constituents. The native species ( Glycyrrhiza lepidota glutinosa Pursh.) is a troublesome weed in places. It resembles the official species (G. glabra L.). 19. Mints.— Peppermint is very extensively grown in Michigan, to a lesser extent in northern Indiana, in New York, and more recently also in Louisiana and California. Since the mint requires considerable moisture, we would suggest growing it in the drained marsh lands of the State. It would, no doubt, also do remarkably well in heavily- irrigated, desert, loam lands, where it could he grown much like alfalfa, cutting, perhaps, three or four crops each season. We would advise the prospective grower to visit the mint fields of Michigan, make the necessary observations, and secure the necessary rhizomes for starting the cultural operation in California. The grower must also he manu- facturer, as the oil is the marketable product. Data for setting up a still, etc,, is obtained by inspecting factories in operation. This can without doubt be made a most profitable enterprise in California. The climatic conditions are ideal. 20. Marjoram. — We would suggest that some one grow this plant to supply the American spice market. Most of the marjoram of the market is adulterated. It requires fairly rich, moist soil. Could no doubt be grown more profitably in association with other labiates, as peppermint, spearmint, pennyroyal, marrubium, etc. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 47 21. Marrubium.— A very common California weed. Can be grown anywhere. Cultural methods much as for mints. Market limited and price per pound low. 22. Poppy. — The opium poppy thrives exceedingly well. Grow directly from the seed, as it can not be transplanted with success. The petals and heads are marketable. The opium can not be obtained, profitably, by the Oriental method, on account of the cost of labor. Some years ago it was suggested that the juice be expressed from the entire plant and then evaporated. Such opium contains from one to four per cent of alkaloids, as determined in the laboratories of the Cali- fornia College of Pharmacy. Others declare that the alkaloidal yield of such opium is practically nil. Further experimenting is necessary. There is apparently no reason why opium should not lie manufactured in this new way. It would, of course, be necessary to change (lower) the alkaloidal standard. The poppy must be grown from seed, as the seedlings are transplanted with great difficulty. Sow the seed (drill) in rows about two feet apart, and thin out to suit when seedlings are well established. Cul- tivation is simple and easy. 23. Medicinal Rhubarbs. — Do well in the State. Can be grown much like the culinary rhubarbs, which are very extensively cultivated in the San Francisco Bay region. The start must be made from seed, after which the lateral shoots are used for transplanting. Three- to six-year-old roots are gathered, peeled, cut, dried, and marketed. The medicinal rhubarb could no doubt be grown very profitably on the shaded or northern moist slopes of the coast hills. Forced culti- vation is not desirable, as it deteriorates the drug. (See Dispensatories and English cultural reports.) 24. Rosemary. — Thrives well and is easily cultivated. The grower should also manufacture the oil. Can lie grown with such labiates as marrubium and other herbs which do not require very moist soil. 25. Sage.— Easily cultivated, common everywhere. Can be grown with other garden herbs. 26. Scopola.— Used as a substitute for belladonna, having closely similar properties and uses. The market demand for the drug is, how- ever. uncertain, belladonna having the decided preference. As far as known, this plant has not yet been grown in this State, but there is no reason why it should not do well in the same localities as belladonna, under the same methods of culture. 27. Squill.— Thrives exceedingly well in the immediate coast region, in moist, sandy soil. The bulbs grow to large size. Well known to Californians. 48 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 28. Stramonium. — Grows anywhere. Common in waste places. Culture can only be made profitable when the entire herb is used, excepting, perhaps, the coarse main stems. May be grown with Hyoscyamus (henbane) and belladonna. Cultivated in England and other European countries. 29. Valerian. — Thrives exceedingly well in fairly moist, somewhat sandy soil mixed with clay. Can be grown in association with stra- monium, veratrums, and henbane. Easily cultivated. 30. Veratrum. — The veratrums are marsh plants and could no doubt be introduced in some of the California marsh lands. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 49 CHAPTER IV. THE NATIVE AND INTRODUCED MEDICINAL AND POISONOUS PLANTS OE CALIFORNIA, WITH INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. The list of medicinal and poisonous plants of California herein reported includes both native and introduced species and varieties. The list is not complete, as many of the more common introduced fruit trees, shrubs, weeds, garden- and pot-herbs having more or less medic- inal use are not cited, for the reason that they are almost universally known. Details regarding description of species are omitted, as this informa- tion can be found in any handbook on California flora. A fuller dis- cussion of the therapeutic use of well-known medicinal plants is also omitted, as that information can be obtained from any standard work on vegetable drugs, such as the United States, National, and other dispensatories, text-books on materia meclica, such as Maisch’s, Wall’s, Sayre’s, Culbreth’s, and others. An effort has been made to cite the popular medicinal uses of plants by Indians, early settlers, and the laity generally. With many of the plants mentioned, this is the only use known. A further careful study may put some of these to the use of medical practice. The literature cited with the plants mentioned will serve to readily obtain further information regarding range, properties, and use. Un- less otherwise stated, the plant cited is a native of the State. Some of the plants cited are of no practical value, but they are given in order to meet the request for information pertaining to them, which has come in from time to time. It may again be repeated that our knowledge of the properties of most of the native medicinal plants of California is very limited indeed. Some of them enjoy such a wide, popular use that they should be more thoroughly investigated chemically and therapeutically, in order that it may be ascertained upon what these reputed virtues depend. As will be observed, the plants are cited in alphabetical order, accord- ing to botanical names. In most instances, a mere mention of prop- erties and use must suffice. In fact, that is all the information that is necessary to give, as the fuller discussion can be found in the Dispen- satories and Text-books on Materia Medica, to which reference is made. The list of common names will be found convenient for reference. 4 — BF 50 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. The numerals given refer to the numbers of the plants cited in alpha- betical sequence by scientific names. It is highly probable that some of the purely poisonous plants cited may finally prove of value medicinally. Within recent years, consider- able work has been done with regard to plants poisonous to cattle. Dr. Chesnut, of the Department of Agriculture, has made a careful study of the action of permanganate of potassium in counteracting the effects of the alkaloids of many of the poisonous plants of Montana and Colorado. His conclusions are that this substance, owing to its oxidizing powers, is a very effectual antidote if given before the alkaloid has been absorbed into the system. An opinion prevails among ranchers that cattle avoid poisonous plants instinctively. This is not exactly in accord with facts. It is true that most poisonous plants emit noxious odors, or are disagreeable to the sense of taste, and are therefore shunned and not relished as food ; yet it would appear that cattle, under unusual conditions, will actually develop a taste for certain poisonous plants, and, if the oppor- tunity presents itself, will eat such plants in sufficient quantity to produce fatal results, even in the presence of abundance of good forage or grazing. However, the preponderance of range-cattle poison- ing is due to a scarcity of food, thus compelling the half-starved animals to feed upon poisonous plants which may be present. Again, herd con- ditions are, in many instances, responsible for the poisoning, the weaker members being forced to take the leavings, which often include poison- ous plants. The literature on Indian medicine is fragmentary, and the informa- tion thus far attainable touching upon the subject is very inaccurate. Indian medicine, in the broad sense of the term, includes various largely ceremonial exercises and dances, superstitious beliefs, social customs and duties, etc. It is the scope of this paper to treat the subject in a more limited sense, briefly explaining internal medication as it is com- prehended by the savage intellect, and citing the use of the more important plants employed by the Indians of California in the treat- ment of disease. It is evident that the aborigines of California, in common with sav- ages generally, believed in the demoniacal origin of disease. That is, disease was simple the manifestation, in the body, of some evil or undesirable spirit which had taken possession of the body, driving out the normal or rightful spiritual inhabitant. The methods of exorcising the demon of disease, though differing in certain details, resemble each other quite closely. In spite of the admittedly noxious and evil char- acter of the disease demon, he may be presumably cowed, subdued, and driven out by threats, loud, discordant noises, nauseous odors, disagree- ably-tasting substances, and other factors which any well-disposed PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 51 individual in the normal state or condition might dislike or abhor, as is clearly indicated by the practices of the Indian doctors. The actions and contortions of the dancing doctor are primarily for the purpose of frightening away the cause of the disease. The so-called sucking doctors are somewhat more scientific, as benefit often results from their practices, but after sucking the affected part with great force, acquired through experience, the doctor vomits, which is said to bring up and out the pain-producing matter, in which notion the patient may have full confidence, but it is likely that the doctor is more than half con- vinced that he is practicing deception. The medicine makers, both male and female, not only treat actual disease, but make medicines for a great variety of purposes, as for childbirth, for hunting, fishing, to subdue the enemy, to ward off evil, to bless, to find lost articles, etc. Their field of action is well-nigh limitless. It is needless to state that their pretensions are the merest absurdities, and are to be compared with the deeds of our modern faith healers, soothsayers, and other fakirs. Our most reliable information regarding Indian medicine is traceable to the few intelligent, well-educated observers who have lived among the aborigines for some years ; as, for example, missionaries and teachers who have Avorked among them long enough to learn their language, thus enabling them to ascertain the true inwardness of their habits and customs. Unfortunately, excessive sentimentalism too frequently tints the reports of otherwise keen and accurate observers, resulting in a misinterpretation of ulterior motives. Army officers, with the exception of a few post physicians with a keen thirst for facts, are too much taken up with routine duties, and hence do not make extensive or reliable records. There are many keen observers Avho make accurate and reliable observations, but fail to make records which can be preserved for future reference. Prospectors and miners, as a rule, give little attention to Indian practices, excepting such as concern them directly in their dealings with Indians. The information given out by them is, as a rule, very fragmentary and very inaccurate. Explorers, collectors, and travelers are generally excellent and accurate observers, and, as a rule, take notes on the spot, but the information thus gained loses in value because of the brevity of the time of the observation. Opportunity for verification is \^ery often wholly lacking, and too frequently single erroneous observations are recorded as being established facts. The most accurate information of all is no doubt that given out by intelligent, well-educated members of the tribes, but since these are few in number, and as a rule difficult of access, it is not an easy matter to secure the desired information. Fur- thermore, the language of the educated, civilized savage is superlatively 52 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. figurative and highly exaggerated, so that, after all, it is quite difficult to deduce the cold facts. The Indian tribes of the United States differ in intelligence and amenability to the civilizing influence. In such a comparison the tribes of California1 do not shine forth favorably. They do not have the dignified mien and fair intelligence of the Choctaws and Chicka- saws, for example, nor the savage aggressiveness of the Mohawks, Apaches, and other tribes. As near as can be ascertained, they are very filthy, not warlike, though vindictive, ignorant, and resourceless, though capable of subsisting where no other tribe would care to live. The desert tribes are the very lowest in the scale of savagery; only occasionally do they engage in the hunt and in fishing. Their language is very crude, and their vocabulary very limited. The women of some tribes have acquired much skill in basket-making. Their clothing and dwellings are of the crudest. Tribal conditions and social and family relationships are very indefinite and loose. This is approximately the summing up of the California Indians by the historian H. II. Bancroft in his “Native Races of the Pacific Coast.’’ The most common diseases and pathologic affections of the California Indians (this applies to American Indians generally) are consumption, rheumatism, aches and pains, scrofulous affections, sore eyes, chronic ulcer, and itch. It is generally asserted that smallpox and syphilis were introduced by the whites. Contagious diseases among Indians are gen- erally laid to the doors of the whites. This is affirmed by no less an authority than Dr. Carlos Montezuma, of the Apache tribe. It is very evident that the attempts to civilize and segregate the Indians is con- ducive to consumption (pneumonitis). This is fully demonstrated in the case of the tribes of Indian Territory. Several prominent members of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indian Council informed the writer that it was only a question of time when pneumonia would cause the com- plete extermination of the Indian Territory tribes. The blame is laid to the removal from the more congenial climate of Florida and Alabama, their former homes, to the colder, malarial climate of Indian Territory. Naturally, medical practice among the tribes of California aborigines was not, and is not, of a high order. General ailments were treated by the incantations and mummeries of the medicine men, who apparently did not have a very high standing, even in their own tribe. If a med- icine man failed to effect a cure, or the patient died under his treatment, 'There is apparently a close relationship between the various tribes along the entire Pacific coast. For example, the burial customs and certain social customs of the Hupas, as recorded by P. E. Goddard, are almost identical with those of the Nitinats and Clallams on the west coast of Vancouver Island. These latter tribes were once prosperous and independent, but in consequence of the ravages of warfare, smallpox, and syphilis, they began to dwindle rapidly in number, and a more rapid total extinc- tion was prevented by a union of the two tribes. There now remain, all told, about forty members (men, women, and children) living in a village of frame buildings on a low island in San Juan bayou, Vancouver Island, just opposite Cape Flattery. They are squat in figure, semi-aquatic in habit, and are extremely filthy, being infested with body lice and other parasites. Their present tribal organization is very loose. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 53 he was likely to be put to death by the relatives and friends of the deceased. However, if, on the other hand, luck was with him, and the majority of patients recovered, he was in time looked upon as a power- ful man, and ranked in importance with a chief. Sucking an affected part was a common practice, which owed its undoubted efficacy, in many instances, to its counter-irritating effects. Bleeding was practiced for its congestion-relieving properties. How- ever, by far the most important and most scientific institution of the California Indian is the temescal, or sweat bath or sweat house. This is used by the men of most tribes, though it is affirmed that some tribes, as, for example, the Shoshones, were not familiar with it. The sweat house is generally made of arched willow frames, about four feet high in the center and four or five feet across at the base. A hole is dug near one side, about eighteen inches across and one foot deep. The frame of willow is covered with mats and sacking. When a patient is about to receive treatment, stones are heated to a red heat, placed in the hole of the temescal ; the patient enters and sits on a mat. By means of branches of Juniperus occidentalis Hook, the patient sprinkes water upon the hot stones, which is immediately converted into steam, which fills the space within the temescal and causes the very active perspiration of the patient. In about half an hour the patient rushes forth and takes an immediate plunge bath in a nearby stream. Mrs. Manning, who has taught for years among the Piute Indians of Surprise Valley, Modoc County, Cal., states that the Piutes omit the plunge bath, apparently substituting therefor a rub-down; nor are the juniper twigs always used. The sweat house is generally a family or individual affair, though in some instances one house is large enough to be used by all of the sick members of an entire camp, and is generally presided over by a female doctor. It is usually built near a stream, for reasons already given. In many instances the fire for heating the stones is started in the fall and kept alive until the following spring. Some patients sleep in the temescal all winter. The frame is covered over almost airtight, and is opened only long enough to permit the entrance or exit of a patient. The value of the sweat bath in the treatment of rheumatism, and to promote the action of the skin, was fully appreciated. In some local- ities the sweat house is not necessary, on account of the accessibility of natural hot springs, the curative powers of which are known even to animals, as bears. With regard to medicinal herbs, many are used, though only a com- paratively small number are credited with having marked curative properties. Reliable information regarding the properties ascribed to them, and the exact manner in which they are used, is very difficult to 54 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. obtain. In many instances repeated inquiries elicited the mere state- ment that it is “a very good medicine,” or a suggestive motion of the hands upward indicates that it is used as an emetic, while a motion downward implies that it has laxative properties. In some instances it is difficult to determine whether a plant is used for its food value alone, or whether perhaps it also has some medicinal uses. It may be stated that the medical practice of the Indians is not unlike the home medi- cation among civilized peoples, differing largely in that it is more crude. In both instances the remedies used have essentially the following prop- erties, named approximately in the order of their importance : Dia- phoretic and diuretic (drinks in the form of decoctions) ; laxatives, emetics; astringents (used internally and externally), counter-irritants; antiseptics ; sedatives and excitants. Indians have ascertained the fact, though unscientifically deduced, that the majority of aches, pains, and various pathological states are due to insufficient or abnormal action of skin, kidneys, and bowels. Restore the normal functions of these organs, and health returns ; hence the widespread use of diaphoretics, diuretics, and laxatives. Cuts, bruises, sores, ulcers, and skin diseases are very common and require attention. Most of the herbs applied for these conditions have apparently counter-irritant and antiseptic properties. The most indefinite ailments of Indians are the various pains and aches. These may be rheumatoid, inflammatory, congestive, or otherwise. Pains in the gastric or abdominal region receive a general treatment, and are usually recognized as being different and requiring different treatments from pains in the head and muscles. It must also be borne in mind that the medicine of the Indians of to-day has been greatly modified through the influence of whites. Many remedies are now used which were not used formerly, and many of the old-time remedies have been discarded. The post physicians have caused some tribes to become indifferent or lax in their tribal and indi- vidual medication, because of the free medical service provided by the United States. Furthermore, the savages soon recognize the superiority of modern medicine and gradually abandon the services of the medicine men, this in spite of the antagonism engendered through the invasion of their territories by the whites. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 55 I THE NATIVE AND INTRODUCED MEDICINAL AND POISONOUS PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 1. Abies concolor Lindl. White fir. Coniferce. This tree is common throughout the State. Yields balsam. A decoc- tion of the terminal branches is much used as a diuretic and in the treatment of malaria. (Calif. Geo. Survey. Bot. 2 : 118.) (U. S. Disp.) Numerous other species and varieties are common and have similar uses. 2. Abroma angusta Lam. Wollut cornu]. Sterculiacece ( Byttner - iacece.) A handsome evergreen greenhouse tree from India, East Indies, Asia and Australia. The sticky white secretion from the fleshy root bark is said to be of great value in dysmenorrhoea, having properties similar to those of cotton-root bark. Fiber used for cordage. A. fatuosa L. is also cultivated. (American Journ. Med. Sci., July, 1873.) 3. Abronia fragrans Escli. Fragrant abronia. Nyctaginacece. A small herbaceous plant said to range from the Columbia River southward. Found in Southern California, Utah and New Mexico. Flowers very fragrant, and would, no doubt, prove useful in the manu- facture of perfumery and sachet powders. (U. S. Geo. Survey. Wheeler’s Report. Bot. 6:49.) 4. Abronia latifolia Esch. Yellow sand verbena. Nyctaginacece. Common along the seashore from Vancouver Island to Monterey (Calif.). Flowers fragrant, like those of A. fragrans. Roots are eaten by the Indians. 5. Abrus precatorius L. Wild licorice. Crab’s eye vine. Prayer beads. Jequirity. Leguminosce. A greenhouse climber, native of India, which has been introduced into Africa, West Indies, South America and other countries. In the West Indies the roots are used like licorice. Seeds are very poisonous; used in Brazil as standards of weight. Used also in the treatment of conjunctivitis and keratitis. Seeds said to be eaten in Egypt; how prepared is not stated. Old-time criminal poisoning agent. Seeds are dangerous playthings for children. (Proc. A. Pli. A. 32; 182-184, 1884.) 56 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 6. Acacia species. Acacias. Leguminosce. Numerous species and varieties have been introduced from Australia and elsewhere. No attempt has thus far been made to classify them accurately. Some assert that perhaps one hundred and more species and varieties are found in the State. The gum (gum arabic) bearing acacias are thorny or prickly shrubs adapted to dry, sandy soils. The Australian gum or wattle gum is obtained from A. pycanthe Benth., A. decurrens Willd., A. homalo- phylla Cun., and perhaps other species. The bark, leaves and unripe fruit of some species are very rich in tannin and have been used in tanning. Some yield excellent timber. It is to be hoped that some one will perform the great task of prop- erly identifying the species and varieties of Acacias found in the State. (U. S. Disp.) (Bailey. Cycl. Am. Hort. 5.) 7. Acacia catechu Willd. Gum acacia. Cutch. Leguminosce. Yields the familiar gum acacia, catechu or cutch of the pharmacists. Cultivated in the southern part of the State ; not commercially, how- ever. 8. Acacia farnesiana. Acacia. Leguminosce. A native of India cultivated in the southern part of the State. The very fragrant flowers yield a very delicious perfume on distillation. Extensively cultivated for perfumery purposes in Southern France. Worthy of careful consideration for culture purposes. 9. Acacia gregii Gray. Acacia. Leguminosce. Yields shellac in Arizona. Larrea mexicana Moric, also yields shellac. Both species occur in the State. 10. Acacia pycanthe Benth. Wattle gum. Leguminosce. The bark is much used medicinally in Australia. The infusion is given in infantile diarrhoea and catarrhal ophthalmia. The tincture, mixed with glycerine, is useful for sore nipples, discharging ears and chapped lips. A bark: wash is useful in sore throat, as a gargle. The gum is given internally to cure piles, and in veterinary practice is applied to raw shoulders. Action, no doubt, due to the tannin present. Other useful species of Acacia are A. varek G. et P. and A. adansonii, which yield gum Senegal. A. ferruginea and A. leucophaea Willd. yield an intoxicating liquor. Whether these and some other species occur in the State is not definitely known. They would, no doubt, thrive well. 11. Acer macrophyllum Pursh. Large-leaved maple. Aceracece. Common ornamental tree in northern part of State. Medicinal prop- erties doubtful and use uncertain. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 57 12. Acer negunda californicum T. and G. Box elder. Aceracece. A common native. Medicinal use doubtful. 13. Acer saccharinum Wang. Sugar maple. Aceracece. Yields maple sugar. According to Weschke this tree contains an alkaloid. (Contrib. Dept. Pharm., Univ. Wisconsin, 1886.) 14. Achillea millefolium L. Yarrow. Milfoil. Composite. A well-known old-time medicinal herb, common everywhere. Yields oil. Has an extensive popular medicinal use among Indians and set- tlers. Tea is used in consumption, stomach-ache, headache ; a lotion is used for sprains, etc. Enjoys an excellent reputation in the treatment of neuralgia, toothache, sore gums, and stomach troubles. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: III, 391.) 15. Achras sapota L. Nase berry. Sapodilla. Sapotacece. Native of West India, cultivated in southern California. Fruit edible. Seeds contain a glucoide (sapotin). Yields “chicle” a base for chewing gum. (Nat. Dist.) 16. Achyrachaena mollis Shauer. Composites. Indians of California use the seeds for pinole (parched, ground and mixed with water). (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7 : III, 392.) 17. Aconitum species. Monk’s-hood. Ranunculacece. The native species are no doubt all poisonous and require further study chemically. (Calif. Geod. Survey. Bot. 1:12.) 18. Aconitum columbianum Nutt. Aconite. Friar’s cap. Blue- weed. Monk’s-hood. Ranunculacece. A native found in the Sierras and northern coast ranges, and along brooks of Oregon, Washington, California, Montana, Wyoming, Colo- rado, and South Dakota in moist, open woods. This is the most import- ant of the native species. All parts of the plant are poisonous, seeds and roots most. The poisonous principle of this plant is, no doubt, closely related to that of A. napellus L. It requires further careful study. The roots have been mistaken for horseradish and the leaves for those of parsley. Many human beings and many heads of cattle have been poisoned by it. Treatment as for aconite poisoning. 19. Aconitum fisheri Reich ’b. Aconite. Ranunculacece. This European species is by some authorities believed to be identical with A. columbianum. This is a controversy of considerable import- ance. A. fisheri is said to be used as an adulterant of the official A. napellus. 20. Aconitum napellus L. Aconite. Wolf’s-bane. Monk’s-hood. Ranunculacece. A well known, very important medicinal plant of which garden 58 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. varieties (English and German aconites) are grown throughout the State. Some have escaped from cultivation. Aconite for medicinal purposes is extensively grown in England and Germany. It could be very profitably grown in California. Good leaves are worth about fifteen to twenty cents per pound wholesale. 21. Acorus calamus L. Sweet flag. Aroidece. The dried rhizomes have been much used as a popular blood purifier and bitter aromatic tonic, and as a sialagogue. Used in flatulency, colic and typhoid conditions. Also used in beer making, in the prep- aration of hair powders, sachet powders, perfumery and in flavoring gin. Grows in marshy soils. 22. Actaea eburnea Rydb. Banunculacece. This plant is said to be poisonous and requires further study. Prop- erties said to be similar to those of cimicifuga. 23. Actaea spicata L. Cohosh. European baneberry. Banuncu- lacece. The black berries are poisonous ; mixed with alum, they yield a black ink. Roots are antispasmodic and expectorant. 24. Actaea spicata arguta Torr. Baneberry. Banunculacece. Found in rich, rocky woodland soils. Highly esteemed as a med- icine by the Indians. Acts as a purgative and in large doses as an emetic. The varieties A. spicata alba and A. spicata rubra have sim- ilar uses and properties. (F. Stearns, Proc. A. Pli. A., 1858.) 25. Adenostoma fasciculatum Torr. Chamisol Chamisso. Grease- wood. Bosacece. Given to sick cows by the Coahuilla Indians, according to Barrows. Oil extracted, mixed with lard and used in the treatment of skin affections. Tea from leaves and bark given internally for syphilis. 26. Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr. Yerba del pasmo. Convulsion herb. Bastard cedar. Bosacece. Found in southern California. Used by early Spanish settlers as a remedy for numerous ailments, as colds, cramps, lockjaw, snake bite, and tetanus. The powdered twigs and leaves, fried in oil or grease, are used as an ointment. The twigs, steeped in a drink, are given to produce vomiting and to give bowel relief. (See paper by Bar- rows.) (Bailey’s Cyclo. Am., Hort. 24.) 27. Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Venus’s hair fern. Polypodiacece (Ferns). A well-known fern. A syrup (Sirop de capillaire) of this plant is much used as a cough remedy. (Calif. Geol. Survey. Bot. 2: 342.) PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 59 28. Adiantum pedatum L. Maiden hair fern. Polypodiacece. Used in chronic catarrh and lung trouble. Stems used by Indians in basket and hat making. A. nigrum is similarly used. 29. jEscuIus californica Nutt. California buckeye. Horse chest- nut. Sapindacece. A native ornamental tree of coast ranges of middle California. The bark is used to cure toothache and other aches. The fresh, unripe fruit is used by Indians to poison fish. The ripe fruit, raw or cooked, is eaten by Indians, fed to squirrels and given to horses to remove bots. Bark is said to produce abortion in cows. The mistletoe grow- ing on this tree is also said to produce abortion. Requires further care- ful study as to chemistry of constituents and physiological action. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7 (No. Ill) , 366.) (Calif. Geol. Survey, Bot. 1: 106.) 30. jEscuIus glabra L. Ohio buckeye. Sapindacece. A well-known tree, which is cultivated in many parts of the United States. Poisonous in over-doses, producing symptoms like those by corn cockle (Agrostemma githago). The fruit yields abundant starch. Roots and fruit used as a substitute for soap, due to the saponin present. Said to be useful in portal congestion. 31. ZEsculus hippocastanum L. Horse chestnut. Sapindacece. A well-known ornamental tree which is grown in nearly all parts of the United States. The bark and nuts are used as snuff and in the preparation of a wash for ulcers. In England the fruit is fed to cattle. (Am. Journ. Pharm., 44:400.) 32. -ffisculus pavia L. Red buckeye. Sapindacece. A native of the eastern and southern United States, but can be cul- tivated almost anywhere. The active constituent of this plant is sup- posed to be nearly identical with that of the corn cockle. It is espe- cially abundant in the young shoots and in the seed. Used to poison fish. It is also reputed to be a useful convulsant. (E. E. Batchelor. Am. Journ. Pharm., 45:144.) 33. Agaricus campestris L. Toadstool. Mushroom. Agaricacece (Fungi). Edible. At first refused by Indians until taught by whites. Re- ported to be poisonous. 34. Agathis australis Salisb. Kauri gum pine. Australian or New Zealand pine. Dammara. Coniferce. An ornamental tree, native of Australia and New Zealand, recently extensively introduced into California, where it does well. The gum (dammar resin) exudes from the roots in New Zealand and the old 60 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. gum is dug out of the ground. This gum is highly prized in the arts. On distillation it yields a terpene oil. A collodion-like preparation (Baume Collodion) is made by dissolving an equal weight of the gum in 90 per cent alcohol. It is said to be very useful in the treatment of wounds, ulcers, eczema and other skin affections, forming an excellent substitute for collodion. (Proc. A. Ph. A., 31: 95, 1883.) 35. Agave species. Agaves. Century plants. Amaryllidacece. Century plants in great variety and abundance are found in nearly all parts of the State of California, especially in the southern part, and nearer the coast. Thrive in sandy, dry soil. 36. Agave americana L. American agave. Aloe. Amaryllidacece. Leaves are used medicinally. Yields pulque. The fiber is used in cordage making. 37. Agave deserti Engelm. Agave. Cactus. Amaryllidacece. A small plant, native of southern California. Most highly valued by desert Indians, all parts of the plant being used. Fresh shoots or young plants are roasted and eaten, likewise the flowers. Nets, mats, etc., are woven out of the fiber. It yields pulque and “vino mescal.” (I). P. Barrows, Land of Sunshine, 13 : v. 314, 1900.) (Bailey, Cyclo. Am. Hort, 34.) 38. Agave palmeri Engelm. Amole. Mescal. Amaryllidacece. Used as food, for the fiber, and in preparing mescal, the national drink of the native Mexicans. Rich in mucilage and grape sugar (citro-glucoside). Other species, as A. parryi and A. shawii are sim- ilarly used. (U. S. Geol. Survey, Wheeler’s Report, Bot. 6: 52.) 39. Agave utahensis Engelm. Mescal. Amaryllidacece. The fruit is baked in pits and eaten. (See Death Valley Report, by Coville.) 40. Agave virginiana L. Rattlesnake master. Amaryllidacece. The roots, which are very bitter, are used in the treatment of colic, in the form of a tincture. Also as an antidote for snake bite. 41. Aglaia odorata Lour. Meliacece. A native of Cochin-China, cultivated in southern California. The flowers are very fragrant and employed in the manufacture of per- fumery and sachet powders. In China the flowers are used to scent certain teas. 42. Agrimonia gyrosepala Wallr. Common agrimony. Rosacece. This introduced species is closely related to the well-known medic- inal A. eupatoria L., of which both the herb and root are used. An oil is distilled from it. A decoction of the flowers is useful as a gargle, and has some value as a vermifuge. It contains tannin. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 61 The California species require further careful study as to medicinal properties. 43. Agropyron repens Beauv. Dog-grass. Couch grass. Quitch grass. Graminece. This grass has escaped from cultivation and thrives well in all parts of the State. Has become a great agricultural pest in places. It is well known medicinally. The rhizomes and roots are used in irritable bladder, kidney diseases, gout, fevers, as a blood purifier, etc. Freely used in the form of a drink. The drug is cheap and the market uncertain. (U. S. Disp.) 44. Agrostemma githago L. Corn cockle. Alsinacece. A very noxious European weed, introduced into the grain fields of the United States. Many cases of poisoning of human beings and of numerous heads of cattle have been traced to the flour made from wheat grown in coclde-infested fields and the fodder from such fields. The physiological action and possible therapeutic value of this plant require further careful investigation. The active constituent is a freely soluble, non-crystallizable substance known as saponin, having a sharp burning taste; when inhaled in the smallest quantity it pro- duces violent sneezing. 45. Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. Tree of heaven. Simarubacece. A native of China, introduced and cultivated in various countries. Bark has cathartic properties due to an oleo-resin. Used as a vermifuge for dogs. Very disagreeable to take. A. excelsa resembles it closely and has similar properties. (Proc. A. Pli. A. 30:214, 1882.) (Proc. A. Ph. A. 25:181, 1877.) 46. Alectoria fremontii Tuck. Hair moss. Lichenes. Used as food by Indians. Reported to have sedative properties. Used in hair tonics. The long, nearly black tufts resemble ladies’ tresses. Has no medicinal value. 47. Aleurites cordata Mull. Euphorbiacece. A native of southern China, cultivated in southern California. Said to yield the finest lac varnish. 48. Aleurites moluccana Willd. Candlenut tree. Euphorbiacece. This tree is cultivated in southern California. It is a native of the Molucca Islands. The nuts are eaten and yield a valuable oil (the so- called “Kekune oil”). 49. Alliaria (Sissymbrium) officinalis L. Hedge garlic. Cruciferce. An introduced European plant. The herb and seeds are highly valued as a diuretic, diaphoretic and expectorant and for external 62 PHARHACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. application in gangrenous affections and to promote the healing of cuts, bruises and ulcers. (U. S. Disp. 1557.) 50. Allium bolanderi Wats. Wild onion. Liliacece. Bulbs used as food by Indians. Has diuretic properties. Decoc- tion used for kidney troubles, and as an emmenagogue. 51. Allium falcifolium H. & A. Wild onion. Liliacece. This species is especially valued as an article of diet by the Indians. Apparently not used medicinally, although it has marked diuretic properties. 52. Allium unifolium Kell. Wild onion. Liliacece. Believed to be poisonous. The bulbs and leaves are fried and eaten by Indians. Other species of wild onion found in the State are A. breweri, A. lacunosum, A. serratum and A. attenuifolium. All have the prop- erties common to onions generally. Some are reported to be poisonous. 53. Alnus species. Alders. Betulacece. Alders are common. The bark is used for tanning and dyeing, and the charcoal is usually employed in the manufacture of gunpowder. The bark, twigs and buds of A. oregana Nutt. (Oregon alder) are used as a tonic in tea, beer and other drinks. A bark ointment is used to cure eruptive skin diseases, cuts, sores, ulcers, etc. (Calif. Geol. Survey, Bot. 2:80.) (Kellogg Trans. Calif. Hort. Soc., page 163, 1865.) 54. Alnus incana Willd. Tag alder. Speckled or hoary alder. Betulacece. Rich in tannin. Useful as a haemostatic. Used in tanning. 55. Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. Mountain alder. Betulacece. Bark very astringent and somewhat bitter and contains a peculiar dye-stuff. Indians use a decoction of the fresh or dried bark to induce perspiration, to check diarrhoea, to allay stomach-ache, to facilitate child-birth, to check hemorrhages in consumption, etc. Mixed with Indian tobacco, it is given to induce vomiting. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb., 7: (No. Ill) 332.) (Calif. Geol. Survey, Bot. 2: 80.) 56. Aloe species. Aloes. Liliacece. Many species and varieties are cultivated as ornamental plants. They resemble the century plants (agaves), and thrive well in dry, sandy soil. Whether they could be grown profitably for the inspis- sated juice, which is used medicinally, would have to be determined experimentally. The dried juice is worth about 20 cents per pound. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 63 57. Aloe perryi Baker. Socotrine aloes. Liliacece. The inspissated juice of this plant constitutes the Socotrine aloes, which is a very useful laxative. No attempt has been made to grow it commercially in the State. Aloe vera (vulgaris) L. yields the Bar- bado aloes, which is also a very useful laxative. 58. Athaea species. Mallows. Hollyhocks. Malvacece. Native and introduced species occur in great profusion, some con- stituting very troublesome weeds. Much used as demulcents, as poul- tices, in the manufacture of lozenges, confections, etc., as a cough remedy, etc. A. officinalis L. and A. rosea L. are the two most impor- tant species. The roots of the former species are supposed to contain asparagin. (Proc. A. Ph. A., 30: 217, 1882.) 59. Alyssum maritimum L. Sweet alyssum. Cruciferce. A fragrant ornamental plant used in sachet powders. Sparingly naturalized, frequently cultivated. A familiar old-time medicinal herb. Once used to cure hydrophobia, hiccough, etc. 60. Amanita muscaria Fr. Amanita. Fly Agaric. Toadstool. Agaricacem. (Fungi.) The best-known of the poisonous fungi. Abundant in various local- ities of the United States. In Europe it has been used as a fly poison for hundreds of years. In Asia it has long been used as an intoxicant, producing symptoms not unlike those of Indian hemp. This fungus contains several toxic compounds, the best known of which is muscarin. Many people are killed each year through the eat- ing of toadstools. Cattle are poisoned accidentally. The symptoms of poisoning do not develop at once, usually twelve to fourteen hours elapse before the initial attack. There is no antidote, and treatment, which is entirely symptomatic, is, as a rule, of little avail. Trans- fusion of normal salt solution may be tried. Since the eating of toadstools indicates a perverted taste, rather than otherwise, and since these plants have practically no food value, it is most urgently advised not to eat them under any circumstances ; thus many a life may be saved. 61. Amanita phalloides Fr. Death cup. Poison amanita. Agari- cacece. (Fungi.) The most poisonous of all fungi found in California, parts of the Eastern and Middle States, and is said to be especially abundant in the vicinity of Washington, D. C. This is the fungus which caused the death of Count de Vecchi, on November 10, 1897 (at Washington). The active constituent phallin has been carefully investigated by Kobert. It resembles the white of egg (toxalbumen). Salt water 64 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. dissolves it readily. Boiling is said to decompose it, and to render it inert. It has the general toxic properties of muscarin. 62. Amanita verna Bui. Vernal amanita. Agaricacece. Very poisonous. By some authorities believed to be identical with A. muscaria. 63. Amaranthus species. Pig weeds. Tumble weeds. Amaran- tacece. These weeds are very abundant in certain localities. They are said to be useful in checking hemorrhages. A. retroflexus is cultivated by some Indian tribes for its food value, the seeds being most generally used. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb, 7: (No. Ill) 346.) (Calif. Geol. Survey, Bot. 2 : 41.) 64. Amaranthus leucocarpus. Wats. Pig weed. Amarantacece. Used by Indians, medicinally and for food, as is also A. powellii. Wats. They have astringent properties. (Proc. A. Ph. A., 27 : 153, 1879.) 65. Ambrosia species. Ragweeds. Compositce. These have enjoyed a popular medicinal use for ages. Used prin- cipally in the form of a wash for its astringent stimulating effects. Ragweeds are common along roadsides in nearly all parts of the United States. 66. Ambrosia artemisiaefolia L. Ragweed. Roman wormwood. Hogweed. Compositce. Has the properties of ragweeds generally. Contains a bitter gluco- side (Am. Journ. Pharm., 1890.) It has been introduced into the Materia Medica of the Eclectics (see King’s Dispensatory). Used principally in low fevers. It is also said to be a useful remedy in Rhus poisoning. (Proc. A. Ph. A., 28: 102, 1880.) 67. Ambrosia psilostachys D. C. Ragweed. Compositce. This plant has not been well investigated. It is generally believed to be inferior to the above species. 68. Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. Service berry. Pyracece. The berries, fresh or dried, are eaten by Indians. Perhaps contain amygdalin. The wood is used for making arrows; also for making the sticks with which Indians play the “rag game,” resembling shinny-on-the-ice. 69. Amomum (Elettaria) cardamomum L. Cardomom. Zingiber- acece. A well-known spice and aromatic drug. The plant is said to thrive in southern California. Whether it could be grown profitably is not known. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 65 70. Ammobroma sonorae Torr. Lennoacece. The fresh plants are dried in the sun or roasted and eaten by the Indians. Said to taste like sweet potatoes. (Calif. Geol. Survey, Bot. 1:464.) 71. Ampelopsis quinquefolium Michx. American ivy. Virginia creeper. Vitacece. A very common cultivated arbor climber. Bark and twigs are used by the Eclectics as an alterative, tonic and expectorant. Also used in dropsy. Poisonous in large doses. (Proc. A. Ph. A., 25: 187, 1877.) 72. Amygdalus varieties. Almonds. Rosacece. Numerous varieties of the bitter and sweet almonds are grown in the State. Almond growing is a staple industry. A variety of uses made of the fruit. Numerous special reports on almond culture. 73. Anagallis arvensis L. Pimpernel. Poison chickweed. Primu- lacece. A poisonous weed used by the ancients as a nervine in convulsions. Also used in hydrophobia, dropsy and consumption. Applied locally to sores and ulcers. Used in gout, and was at one time much em- ployed as a plague remedy. It is said to contain a pepsin-like fer- ment. (U. of C. Agr. Exp. Rep., page 247, 1890.) 74. Ananas (annanassa) sativa Schultz. Pineapple. Bromeliacece. Cultivated in southern California (Santa Monica). The fruit con- tains a digestive ferment, acting on albuminoids. Has been used to digest the membrane of diphtheria. There are numerous culture varieties. (See very complete paper on cultivation, etc., by P. PI. Rolfs, No. 291.) 75. Anaphalis margaritacea B. and II. Everlasting. Composite. A popular fragrant border plant. Eclectics use it as an astringent and expectorant. The leaves and flowers chewed and juice swallowed relieve ulceration of the mouth. A warm infusion used as a diapho- retic, in bowel complaints and hemorrhages. Used in fomentations to ulcers and swellings. The fresh juice is said to be aphrodisiac. 76. Andromeda species. Heathworts. Ericacece. The group requires further study. Apparently a mixed genus. Sev- eral species have been used as a wash for ulcers. The shoots of A. mariana are said to be poisonous to sheep. 77. Andropogon citratus. Lemon grass. Graminece. This grass has a very delicate lemon fragrance. Yields oil of lemon, useful in perfumery. Could no doubt be cultivated profitably for the manufacture of perfumery and sachet powders. 5 — BF 66 PIIARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 78. Andropogon sorghum halepensis Haeckel. Johnson grass. Sorghum. Graminece. A common weed. A useful forage plant, rich in sugar. 79. Anemiopsis californica Hook. Yerba Mansa. Saururacece. Piperacece. Considered to be a very useful remedy for cuts, bruises, sores and sprains. It is also said to be a useful diuretic, in rheumatism, as a blood purifier, in asthma, malaria, dysentery, gonorrhoea, etc. (U. S. Geog. Surv. Wheeler’s Report, Bot. 6:49.) (II. H. Rusby, Druggists’ Circular, Jan., 1890.) (Schneider, A. Yerba mansa. Druggists' Cir- cular, May, 1897.) 80. Anemone globosa Nutt. Red wine flower. Ranunculacece. Requires further study. Said to be poisonous. 81. Anemone quinquefolia L. Wind flower. Ranunculacece. Found in shady mountain woods. Perhaps identical with the European A. nemerosa L. Poisonous to cattle. Well known medic- inally. (Am. Journ. of Pharm. 34: 300, 1862, and 45: 299, 1873.) Other species of anemone are cultivated in the State. 82. Angelica hendersoni, C. and R., A. tomentosa, Wats, and the varieties elata and californica. UmbellifercB. These require further study. The Indians as well as whites use angelica root as a valued remedy and talisman. Chewed and rubbed on, the root is said to prevent as well as to cure rattlesnake bites. It is given in colic, catarrh and colds, for sore eyes, etc. The fresh sprouts are eaten. 83. Angelica sp. (?) U mb elli fence. An unknown species growing on the Sierra Gorda ; has strongly aromatic roots and is said to be very useful medicinally. Young shoots are eaten. (Contrib. IT. S. Nat. Herb. 7: (No. Ill) 371.) 84. Anhalonium lewini Henning. Cactus. Pellote. Cactacece. Native of Mexico, said to be a powerful cardiac and respiratory stimulant, used in angina pectoris and asthmatic dyspnoea. Several other species of Anhalonium have been used by Mexicans and Indians. The top of the branch of A. lewini constitutes the “mescal button’’ used by the Kiowa Indians of the Rio Grande to produce intoxication during some of their religious ceremonies. The cerebral manifestations due to this stimulant are extraordinary visual hallucinations, visions of infinite beauty, grandeur and loftiness, alter- nating with visions of monsters and other gruesome forms. There are also remarkable color hallucinations. The intoxication is not unlike that produced by Indian hemp. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 67 As a remedial agent Anhalonium has also been tried in hypochon- driasis, nervous headache, neuralgias, gout, hysteria, insomnia and other disorders. Various principles have been isolated, notably the alkaloids anhalonine; pellotine and an oily lopliophorine. (Lewin in Archiv. fur Exp. Path, und Pharm.) Other alkaloids have been iso- lated from other species (Pharm. Journ. Trans. 52, 1899.) (Pharm. Journ. Trans. 457. 1898.) (Mescal Button Religion. Pacific Pharmacist. 3:41-42,1909.) 85. Anona cherimolia Mill. Cherimoya. Custard Apple. Anonacece. A native of Peru. Quite extensively grown in southern California. Fruit is much relished and brings a good price in the open market. A. macrocarpa, another native of South America, is also cultivated in southern California. Fruit large and highly relished. A. reniformis and other varieties are also cultivated. 86. Anona muricata L. Sour sop. Custard Apple. Anonacece. This plant is cultivated in portions of southern California. The large fruit is popular in the South. An acid drink is made from the juice. The seeds are said to be poisonous, and are used to poison fish; to exterminate lice and insect pests. The bark is drastic purgative. 87. Antennaria parvifolio Nutt. Cudweed. Reported to be poisonous. Requires study. 88. Anthemis cotula L. Dog fennel. Mayweed. Composite. A very common introduced weed with highly irritating properties. Used for colds, rheumatism, and in the preparation of an eye-wash. Has irritating properties when applied to the skin. An ointment used for rheumatoid affections is made by frying the flowers in lard. (Con- trib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: (No. Ill) 392.) 89. Anthoxanthium odoratum L. Sweet Vernal-grass. Graminece. Found in California near Mendocino City, Crescent City and in Marin County. Very fragrant, due to the presence of cumarin. Would prove of value in the manufacture of perfumes (sachet pow- ders). Presence in meadows is said to impart the odor of this grass to other grasses and is supposed to flavor the butter. (Calif. Geol. Surv. Bot. 2 : 266.) 90. Apium nodiflorum Reich. Water parsnip. Umbelliferce. This and other species are usually considered poisonous. Formerly used in skin diseases, scrofula, etc. Now rarely used. 91. Aplopappus palmeri. Compositce. The leaves and twigs are used by Coahuilla Indians to relieve swell- ing and pain. (Barrows.) 68 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 92. Apocynum androsaemifolium var. pumilum Gray. Dog bane. Indian hemp. Apocynacece. Native of California. Properties similar to those of 93. 93. Apocynum cannabinum L. Canadian or Indian hemp. Apocy- nacece. A common plant of which the bark fiber is much used by the Indians in weaving all manner of cordage and cloth fabrics. Native in Cali- fornia. More or less poisonous. Well known medicinally. (See Dis- pensatories.) 94. Apocynum vestitum Greene. Indian hemp. Apocynacece. This plant is closely allied to A. cannabinum and has no doubt sim- ilar properties. 95. Aquilegia vulgaris L. Columbine. Banunculacece. A cultivated plant from Europe. The seeds contain an alkaloid (Aquilegine). The extract of the plant produces symptoms similar to those by aconite. Though not much used now, it was at one time considered diuretic and diaphoretic. 96. Aquilegia truncata F. and M. Columbine. Ranunculacece. Quite common. Seeds perhaps contain an alkaloid like that of A. vulgaris (aquilegine). The ripe seeds are taken internally in biliousness. Properties no doubt similar to those of A. vulgaris (diuretic and diaphoretic). 97. Arachis hypogaea L. Peanuts. Leguminosce. Extensively cultivated in the State. Yield oil and fat used for culi- nary and other purposes. Eaten roasted as food and used as a sub- stitute for coffee. (Proc. A. Ph. A. (Abstract) 22: 151, 1874.) 98. Aralia californica Wats. Ginseng. California spikenard. Araliacece. A decoction of the dried roots highly valued in diseases of the lungs and stomach, and for colds and fevers. A. spinosa as well as other species thrive in the State. (Calif. Geol. Surv. Bot. 1:273.) (Con- trib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7 : (No. Ill) 371.) (Am. Journ. Pharm. 489-492. 1898.) 99. Aralia quinquefolia Decne. (See Panax quinquefolium.) American Ginseng. Araliacece. (See paper by Geo. Y. Nash, No. 253.) 100. Aralia spinosa L. Papilionacece. Cultivated. Properties no doubt similar to those of A. californica Wats. 101. Aragallus species. Papilionacece. These require further study, both as to active constituents and as to PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 69 physiological and toxic properties. Other species are found in the State. (Aragallus combined with Astragalus by Engler and Prantl in Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien.) 102. Aragallus ( Astragalus ) besseyi. Ryd. Purple loco weed. PapilionacecB. Poisonous. Fatal to cattle. 103. Aragallus lagopus Greene. Purple loco weed. Papilionacece. Poisonous. 104. Aragallus lambertii (Pursh) Greene. Colorado loco vetch. Papilionacece. Wider range than that of the wooly loco weed (Astragalus mollis- simus), but closely similar in all other respects. 105. Aragallus spicatus Ryd. White loco weed. Papilionacece. Poisonous. 106. Aragallus splendens Greene. Silvery loco weed. Papilionacece. Poisonous. 107. Araucaria species. Pines. Coniferce. A number of Araucaria species have been introduced and thrive well. The so-called Norfolk pine or Norfolk island pine (A. excelsa R.) is a large, handsome tree. They have the constituents of pine generally. Turpentine is obtained from several species. They are familiar ornamental plants throughout the State. 108. Arbutus menziesii Pursh. Madrona. Ericacece. Fruit said to be edible, though some claim it is poisonous. Grown at the Chico Station. Charcoal is used in making gunpowder. Bark for tanning. Cows will occasionally eat the leaves. The Indians use a leaf infusion for colds. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7 : (No. Ill) 374.) 109. Artium lappa L. Burdock. Compositce. Well known medicinally. Seeds twenty-five cents per pound. Roots twenty-five or thirty cents per pound. Culture could no doubt be made profitable. Noxious weed when not checked. 110. Arctostaphylos glauca Lind. Manzanita. Ericacece. Native. AVell known medicinally. Easily cultivated. 111. Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry. Manzanita. Ericacece. Ripe fruit eaten, forming a very important article of diet among the California Indians. Tea of leaves much used for colds. Indians make “manzanita cider” from the crushed ripe fruit. Juice of plant is applied to sores and ulcers. The plant in its medicinal properties is closely similar to A. glauca. 70 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 112. Arctostaphylos tomentosa Dougl. Manzanita. Ericacece. Less common than A. manzanita, but closely similar and similarly used. 113. Arctostaphylos uva ursi Spring. Bearberry. Mountain box. Rockberry. Ericacece. Cultivated. Well known medicinally. 114. Argemone mexicana L. Prickly poppy. PapaveracecE. Common in cultivation. The plant has marked emetic, purgative and narcotic properties. Extensively used medicinally for all sorts of ailments, as a cathartic, etc. 115. Aristolochia and Asarum species. (See Asarum.) Aristoloch- iacece. The species have long been known medicinally. The native species require further study. (Calif. Geol. Surv. Bot. 2: 101.) 116. Aristolochia serpentaria L. and A. reticulata Nutt. Snake- root. Serpentaria. Aristolochiacece. Not yet introduced, but would no doubt thrive well in moist, hilly woodlands. 117. Armeria vulgaris ( Statice Armeria). Maiden pink. Plum- baginacece. Said to be an active diuretic. Should be more carefully studied. 118. Arnica species. Arnica. Compositce. The California species require further study. The medicinal A. montana of Europe is reported from the northwestern United States. Is readily cultivated. Used in catarrh, nervous affections, dysentery, rheumatism, dropsy, gout, etc. The entire plant may be used; the flower heads are, however, preferred. 119. Arnica fulgens. Arnica. Compositce. Poisonous. 120. Arnica monocephala. Arnica. Compositce. Poisonous. 121. Arnica montana L. Arnica. Compositce. Well known. Flowers and roots and rhizomes used. Could be cul- tivated. 122. Artabotrys odoratissima R. Anonacece. A native of India, cultivated in southern California. The flowers yield the famed volatile “ylang-ylang” oil of the Chinese. 123. Artemisia species. Compositce. Native and introduced species are common. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 71 124. Artemisia absinthium L. Wormwood. Composite. Common garden herb. Well known medicinally. Herb used. Fif- teen to twenty cents per pound. Oil, $4.50 per pound. 125. Artemisia califomica Less. Old man. Sagebrush. Hill brush. Composite. Leaves and branches have decided insecticide powers ( H. H. Behr). Employed by the Mexicans as a popular cholera remedy. The Spanish- Californians regard it as a panacea for all ills. (Bot. Mex. Bound. Survey, Emory’s Report, page 17, 1859.) 126. Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh. “Indian hair tonic.” Com- positor. The Indians use this plant, as a hair tonic. It has not been examined as to its active properties. (Hall.) 127. Artemisia frigida Willd. Sierra salvia. Colorado mountain sage. Compositor. Much used in the Rocky Mountain region as a diuretic, diaphoretic and mild cathartic. It perhaps contains a glucoside. (F. A. Weiss, Am. Pharm. Journ. 1890.) 128. Artemisia heterophylla Nutt. Mugwort. Wormwood. Com- positce. One of the most popular of native medicinal herbs. A decoction of leaves is said to be a specific in colic and colds. On account of its efficacy in bronchitis it has received the name of “bronchitis plant.” Indians use a decoction for stomach-ache, headache, diarrhoea, rheu- matism, and fevers. Decoction and poultices highly praised as a remedy for poison oak, also to check hemorrhages and to heal wounds. Externally it is used for sore eyes. The juice is used to counteract poison oak. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: (No. Ill) 393.) Other species as A. bidentata, A. vulgaris californica Beso., have similar properties and uses. (Le Maout and Decaisne, p. 505.) 129. Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Sagebrush. Compositor. Said to be poisonous. Used by the Coahilla Indians in bowel com- plaints. (Barrows.) A decoction of the leaves used as a cough med- icine. Very likely has diaphoretic and diuretic properties. (Am. Journ. Phar. 62, 1890.) (U. S. D.) 130. Arundinaria and Bambusa species. Bamboo. Craminece. Extensively cultivated as ornamental plants. (Fairchild.) 131. Arundo donax L. Giant reed. Graminece. Extensively cultivated as an ornamental plant. Roots are said to be diuretic. (Bailey, Cycl. Am. Hort., p. 102.) 72 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 132. Asagrsea officinalis Lind. Cevadilla. Cultivated. Poisonous. Used almost wholly to destroy head-lice and other body vermin. (U. S. D.) 133. Asarum caudatum Lindl. Wild ginger. Aristolochiacece. Highly aromatic and would no doubt prove very useful in the manu- facture of perfumeries and sachet powders. Infusion said to be useful in female complaints. Two other species are reported, A. hartwegi and A. lemmoni. All require further study. 134. Asclepias species. Milkweeds. These have the general properties of the Asclepiadacece and Apocyn- acece. The following species are native : A. mexicana Cov., A. speciosa Torr., A. eriocarpa, Benth., A. vestita, H. and A., A. cordifolia, Benth., and A. califomica Greene. The Pacific coast species have caused the poisoning of many heads of cattle. The poisonous principles require further study. The sticky juice of A. ericarpa and other species is considered an excellent lotion for cuts and sores ; to kill warts, and is used in tattooing. The Yokis eat the young shoots of A. mexicana. Other medicinal species are to be found escaped from cultivation or grown in the Berkeley and other economic gardens. Indians make various uses of some of the milkweeds. The fiber is used for cordage. The milky juice is generally believed to be poisonous. A. mexicana has received considerable attention. A. eriocarpa is also poisonous and requires further study. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7 : (No. Ill) 380) ; (Calif. Geol. Surv. Bot. 1 : 474.) 135. Asclepias californica Greene. ( Gomphocarpus tomentosus.) Milkweed. Asclepiadacece. Said to be poisonous to cattle. Found in pastures. (U. of C. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep., p. 248, 1890.) 136. Asclepias comuti Desc. Milkweed. Asclepiadacece. Well known medicinally. For commercial value of caoutchouc in Asclepias cornuti (see Proc. A. Ph. A. (Abstract) 23: 157, 1875). 137. Asclepias eriocarpa Benth. Milkweed. Asclepiadacece. Claimed to be one of the best remedies for inflammatory rheumatism. The juice is also used as a healing application to cuts and wounds. 138. Asclepias mexicana Cav. Milkweed. Asclepiadacece. Properties like those of A. cornuti. It is claimed that an insect resembling the Spanish fly, Cantharis, settles on this plant, and trans- mits to it vesicant and diuretic properties. 139. Asclepias speciosa Torr. Showy milkweed. Asclepiadacece. Said to be poisonous. Used medicinally like other species. Cul- tivated as an ornamental plant. Asclepias tuberosa L. and other species have been introduced. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 73 140. Asimina triloba Dun. Common pawpaw. Anonacece. Fruit edible, resembling the banana. Readily cultivated, orna- mental. (Proc. A. Ph. A. (Abstract) 35: 148, 1887.) 141. Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus. Liliacece. Escaped from cultivation. Extensively cultivated in low lands. The rhizome is said to be laxative and diuretic and to act as a heart sedative. Very likely of little or no medicinal value. 142. Aspidium filix mas. Swartz. Male fern. Filices. Does not do well in cultivation. Root decoction is used for soreness and bruises. Well known medicinally. An old-time reliable vermi- fuge. (See Text-books and Dispensatories.) 143. Aspidium (Dryopteris rigidum argutum. Yerba del Golpo. Filices. A decoction from the roots is used for the treatment of bruises and contusions. Used as taenifuge (same as Aspidium filix mas). Poultices made from mashed roots used externally for swellings, etc. 144. Aster puniceus L. Aster. Composite e. The rootlets of this ornamental plant are employed as a stimulating diaphoretic in rheumatic and catarrhal troubles. Numerous native and cultivated species found in the State. 145. Astragalus species. Loco weeds. Papilionaceoe. Many, not all, species of Astragalus are poisonous. Aragallus and Astragalus species are much confused. The following are the more important poisonous species from the State : A. hornii Gray, A. lentig- inosus fremontii AVats., A. leucopsis Torr., A. menziesii Gray, A. matthewsii Wats. Coahilla and other California Indians eat the seeds. (Barrows.) 146. Astragalus blankinshippi Nels. Purple loco weed. Papilio- nacece. Poisonous. Requires further study. 147. Astragalus drummondii Dougl. Papilionaceoe. This and other species are said to be poisonous. 148. Astragalus lentiginosus. Loco weed. Papilionaceoe. Poisonous. Requires further study. Astragalus lentiginosus (Douglas) var. Fremontii. 149. Astragalus mollissimus Torr. Wooly loco weed. Papilio- nacece. Native of the great plain region of the United States. A highly poisonous weed which has done inestimable damage to ranchmen. 74 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. Between 1881 and 1885 the State of Colorado paid out nearly $200,000 in bounties to eradicate the weed. The poisonous principle has been studied, however, with unsatisfac- tory results. An acid (loco acid) has been isolated, to which the poisonous properties are attributed. Requires further careful study. 150. Atriplex species. Chenopodiacece. Used as food and medicinally by Indians and Mexicans. They are rich in impure soda. (Palmer Proc. A. Pli. A. 27 : 153, 1879.) 151. Atriplex hortensis. Chenopodiacece. Very rich in sodium and other salts. Used as food and for medic- inal purposes by Indians and settlers. 152. Atropa belladonna L. Deadly nightshade. Solanacece. This plant thrives well in the United States, where it is grown as an ornamental plant, and experimentally and commercially in several places. The firm of Johnson and Johnson of New Brunswick, N. J., manufacturers of belladonna plasters, have grown belladonna experi- mentally for a number of years. The experiments are now being con- tinued in California (Castro Valley, near Hayward, and elsewhere). (King’s Dispensatory, 18th ed., p. 332.) Leaves and roots are used, which should not be collected from first-year plants. Collect from plants two or four years old, at the time of flowering. Price of roots and leaves per pound, about 12 cents wholesale. English belladonna is much more valuable than German belladonna. All parts of the plant are poisonous ; used as a nerve sedative, diuretic, in catarrhs, in ophthalmology, in the manufacture of plasters and ointments. Said to be a preventive and cure of scarlatina (homeopaths), checks secretions, dilates pupil (mydriatic), used in asthma, phthisis, to relax sphincter muscles, to relieve strangulated hernia, etc. (See, also, The Pharmaceutical Era, June 9, 1904, p. 556, Pacific Druggist, 1905, and Pacific Pharmacist, 1907.) For the comparative value of wild and cultured belladonna, see Proc. A. Ph. A. 30 : 162. 1882. 153. Aurantium dulcis L. varieties. Oranges. Aurantiacece. Extensively cultivated in the State. Other members of the family are cultivated in the State, to say nothing of the remarkable crosses between oranges and related fruits, as the tanglo, mandarin, pomelo, navel oranges, etc. 154. Baccharis glutinosa Pers. Asteroidece. A decoction of the leaves is used as an eyewash by the Coahilla Indians. (Barrows.) PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 75 155. Balsamorrhiza deltoidea Nutt. Balsam root. Compositce. Seeds used as food (roasted and ground) by the Klamath Indians of Oregon ; likewise the seeds of B. digittata. The Balsamorrhiza species (balsam roots) contain a terebinthine principle in the outer root parenchyma which the Indians remove before eating. This resin or turpentine requires further study. 156. Balsamorrhiza sagittata Nutt. Wild sunflower. Compositce. Roots used medicinally by the Piute Indians. Petioles eaten. Frag- rant. No doubt contain volatile oil like B. terebinthacea. Reported to be poisonous. (U. S. Disp.) Kelly, Drug. Circular (1897). 157. Balsamorrhiza terebinthaceae Nutt. Compositce. The root has a strong terebinthine odor and is used as a diuretic. 158. Bamboo. (See Arundinaria, 130.) 159. Bananas. (See Musa.) 160. Berberis species. Barberry. Berberidacece. Three species occur, B. dictyota, B. pinnata (California barberry) and B. nervosa (Malionia). These, no doubt, have properties not unlike those of B. vulgaris. (See J. M. Maiseli. The Berberis species of the Pacific coast. American Journal Pharmacy, 50 :374-371, 1878, and Proc. A. Ph. A. 27:201-206, 1879.) 161. Berberis aquifolium Pursh. Oregon grape. Berberidacece. Roots are used in treatment of ulcers and sores. The juice of the fruit fermented, with sugar added, makes an excellent wine. Cali- fornia Indians have long used the root decoction as a tonic. The bark is used medicinally. There is still considerable demand for this drug. (Calif. Geol. Surv., Bot. 1:14). (U. S. Surv., Wheeler’s Rep. Bot. 6:41.) 162. Berberis nervosa Pursh. False Oregon grape. Berberidacece. Berries are strongly acid, but are eaten and are said to promote the action of the liver. The bark and root are used in jaundice. B. repens has similar properties. (Calif. Geol. Surv. Bot. 1 : 15.) (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: (No. Ill) 348). 163. Berberis pinnata Lag. Barberry. Berberidacece. Berries are edible. Stem and root contain a yellow die. ' Properties like those of B. nervosa. 164. Beta vulgaris L. Beet. Garden or red beet. Sugar beet. Chenopodiacece. Escaped from gardens. Sugar beet culture is conducted on an enormous scale in California. (See paper by Geo. W. Shaw. Numer- ous state agricultural reports on sugar beet culture, etc.) 165. Betula alba L. European white birch. Cupuliferce. Cultivated. Leaves used in gout, dropsy, rheumatism. Saccharine 76 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. juice used in kidney and bladder complaints. Bark yields an oil, hav- ing the properties of oil of cade. The resinous exudation of young shoots, mixed with soda, is used as a tonic laxative. Inner bark used in intermittent fever. (Am. Journ. Pharm. 1881.) 166. Betula lenta L. Cherry. Sweet or black birch. Cupuliferce. Cultivated. Ornamental. Used like B. alba. 167. Bidens species. Spanish needles. Beggars’ sticks. Com- positce. The California species require further study. The roots and seeds of B. bipinnata are popularly used as an emmenagogue and by the eclectics as an expectorant in laryngeal and bronchial diseases. 168. Bigelovia groveolens I. Gray. Composite. The Coahilla Indians prepare a tea from the twigs given for coughs and pains in the chest. (Barrows.) 169. Bigelovia veneta (H. B. K.) Gray. Bushy goldenrod. “Yerba anti-rheumatica.” Composite e. Resembles B. menziesii. Said to have aphrodisiac properties. Is used in the treatment of rheumatism. It contains a resinous exudation resembling that of Grindelia robusta. (U. S. Geog. Surv., Wheeler’s Rep. 6 : 46.) (U. of C. Exp : Sta. Rep. 1895, p. 96 ; 1896, pp. 64, 67, 70.) 170. Blepharipappus douglasii, H. and A. Greene. (Layia callo- glossa Gray). Composite. Decoction prepared with equal parts of milk and water, cooled and used as an application to sore and inflamed eyes. 171. Blumea balsamifera, D.C. Blumea camphor. Introduced in southern California. Yields camphor by oxidation with nitric acid. 172. Boisduvalia densiflora Wats. Onagracece. Seeds are rich in oil and are relished by Indians as a food. 173. Boletus. Pore fungi. Boletacece. Eaten as food by Calpella Indians. Poisonous. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: (No. Ill) 301.) 174. Brodiaea lactea Wats. Liliaeece. Bulbs used by Indians as food. B. capitata used similarly by other Indians (Indian potato). 175. Brunella vulgaris L. Self-heal. Heal-all. Labitce. A cosmopolitan plant of European origin. Said to be useful as a gargle in throat diseases ; useful in diarrhea and to check hemorrhages. It was highly prized among the common people of Europe. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 77 176. Bryonia alba L. Cucurbitacece. Introduced in gardens. Thrives well. Well known medicinally. (See text-books on Materia Medica and dispensatories.) 177. Butneria occidentalis Greene. Western spice bush. Butneri- ace(E. All parts very aromatic. Requires further study. 178. Buxus sempervirens L. Common box tree. Euphorbiacece. An extensively cultivated evergreen shrub, native of Europe and western Asia. The wood is said to have diaphoretic properties, and a decoction is used in the treatment of rheumatism and secondary syphilis. The leaves are purgative. The volatile oil is given in epilepsy. (U. S. Disp.) 179. Cactus species. Cactacece. There are several Mexican cacti which are said to he powerful heart stimulants. (Anahalonium lewini.) (See also Opuntia and Cereus.) (Baily, Cycl. Am. Hort. 203.) 180. Caffea arabica L. Coffee. Bubiacece. Found in conservatories and thrives in southern portions of the State. Not cultivated commercially. Seeds contain caffeine. 181. Calandrinia caulescens menziesii Gray. Wild portulacca. PortulaccacecB. A fodder plant. Considered an excellent pot-herb, used for salads, etc. 182. Calendula officinalis L. Marigold. Composite. Other species and varieties common in gardens. Well known med- icinal plant. Used as a poultice in cancer, sores and ulcers; given in scrofula, jaundice, colic, etc. (U. S. Disp.) 183. Callitriche palustris L. Water fennel. Water starwort. Callitrichacece. A decoction is given for dropsy and in urinary affections. 184. Calochortus macrocarpus Dougl. Mariposa lily. Liliacece. The bulbs are greatly relished by Indians, eaten raw. All relish it, children especially. This is unquestionably the most highly-prized bulb known to Indians. Indians claim that the juice of Calochortus concolor Purdy is bad for the eyes (Hall). The bulbs of Calochortus nutallii are also used as food by Indians. Resembles the Death Camas somewhat. 185. Calumba. (See Jateorhiza.) 186. Camassia esculenta Lindl. Wild hyacinth. Liliacece. A popular food of the Piute Indians; the bulbs are eaten. (Calif. Geol. Surv. Bot. 2: 158.) 78 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 187. Camassia (Quamasia) leichtinii Baker. Camas. Liliacece. A very important Indian food plant. The bulbs are eaten raw and baked. The related Quamasia quamash, Death Camas, is very poi- sonous. 188. Camelina sativa L. False flax. Cruciferce. Introduced weed. At one time this plant was grown commercially for the oil in the seeds. 189. Cananga (Unona, Uvaria, Canang) odorata H. and T. Ylang- ylang. (See Artabotrys.) 190. Cannabis sativa L. Indian hemp. Urticacece. Escaped from cultivation. The exact medicinal value of the Cali- fornia-grown plants requires further careful study. Extensively grown as a fiber plant in Butte County. 191. Capsicum baccatum. Bird pepper. Solanacece. Easily grown. Supplies the bulk of the cayenne pepper of the market. The name bird pepper refers to the fact that turkeys are very fond of the fruit. Used as a stimulant tonic in atonic dyspepsia. 192. Capsicum fastigiatum. Bed pepper. Cayenne or African pepper. Solanacece. This is a common California product. Very extensively cultivated. 193. Carica papaya. Pawpaw. Passifloracece. A common introduced plant. Grown as an ornamental plant, and for the fruit in southern California. The fruit contains a ferment papain, which acts on starch, emulsifies fat and converts albuminoids into peptones. Of great commercial interest. 194. Carica quercifolia. PawpaAv. Passifloracece. Leaves contain high percentage of papain, which is much used as a substitute for pepsin. For fermentative action of juice, see Proc. A. Ph. A. 27:231. 1879. 195. Carob. (See Ceratomia.) 196. Carthamus tinctorius L. American, false or dyer’s saffron. Compositce. Native of India and Africa. Cultivated in various parts of the United States. Used for dyeing purposes and as an adulterant of, or as a substitute for, true or Spanish saffron, as a domestic diaphoretic, and laxative in measles, scarlatina, and in other eruptive diseases. 197. Carum gairdneri Gray. Wild caraway. Umbellifercc. Poisonous. Used by Indians. (Palmer.) (Proc. A. Ph. A. 27 : 193, 1879.) PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 79 198. Carya (Hicoria) species. Hickory. Juglandacece. To this group belongs the pecan and the various hickories. No systematic attempts have as yet been made to introduce these into the State. Bark and leaves astringent, used in dyspepsia and intermit- tent fever. Leaves of C. porcina and of other species used medicinally as a laxative and for external application in skin diseases. The bark used in dyeing brown, yellow and green. 199. Cascara. (See Rhamnus.) 200. Casimiroa edulis L. White zapote. Rutacece. Introduced in southern part of State. Used as a hypnotic in Mex- ican hospitals. The seeds are used. 201. Cassia acutifolia Del. African Senna. Leguminosece. According to IT. IT. Fisher (in lit.), senna has been grown success- fully near Corpus Christi, Texas, for several years. Seeds obtained from Mr. Fisher have been planted in the San Francisco Garden of Medicinal Plants; they germinated promptly, but the seedlings were killed by root rot. Attempts to grow it at Salinas, California, met with partial success only. It apparently grows exceedingly Avell near Mecca, California (Mr. and Miss Evelyth). Would no doubt thrive in the California cotton belts. Requires hot weather, with ample soil moisture. Further culture attempts should be made. 202. Cassia marylandica L. American senna. Leguminoscc. This plant is common in the gardens and parks of California. Used as a cathartic like senna. 203. Castanea chrysophylla Dougl. Chestnut. Chinquapin. Cupuliferce. Varies in size from a shrub to a large tree, 150 feet high. Seeds edible. The fruit is good, but is now largely displaced by the Japanese chestnuts. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7 : (No. Ill) 333.) 204. Catalpa catalpa Karst. Cigar tree. Bean tree. Catalpa. Bignoniacece. Introduced as ornamental trees. The seeds, pods, and leaves have been found useful in asthma. 205. Caucalis microcarpa Hook et Arn. Hedge parsley. Umbel- liferce. A poultice of this plant is used to counteract rattlesnake bites. (Calif. Geol. Surv. 1:272.) (U. of C. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep., p. 244. 1890.) 206. Caucalia nodosa Huds. TJmbelliferce. This is also known as a rattlesnake remedy. The species require 80 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. further study as to their reputed properties. Probably identical with C. microcarpa. 207. Ceanothus americanus L. New Jersey tea. Rhamnacece. Cultivated. Roots rich in tannin. Leaves used as a substitute for tea. 208. Ceanothus cuneatus Nutt. Lilac. Rhamnacece. Native plant, which should be more carefully studied. 209. Ceanothus divaricatus Nutt. Soap bush. Rhamnacece. The blossoms are used as a substitute for soap. (Calif. Geol. Surv. Bot. 2:439.) 210. Ceanothus integerrimus H. and A. Lilac. Rhamnacece. Seeds eaten by Indians. Bark and roots of this shrub used in malaria, catarrh, and liver troubles. Good forage plant. Fruiting capsule very bitter and should be studied more carefully as to possible medicinal properties. 211. Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. Mountain balm. Snow brush. White lilac. Manzanita. Rhamnacece. The old Indians boil the leaves, dry them and smoke them like tobacco. Also employed medicinally, but no definite information could be obtained as to how ; perhaps it was used as a tonic. The Indians appear to be quite enthusiastic about it, and pronounce it “very good medicine.” Very likely used much like C. americanus, which owes its properties to the presence of tannic acid and an alka- loid ceanothine. (U. S. D.) 212. Centaurea solstitialis L. St. Barnaby’s thistle. Yellow star thistle. Compositce. The mature plant is said to be poisonous to horses and cattle. Becoming a very troublesome weed. Cut green, it is said to make good fodder. Introduced from Europe. Requires further study. 213. Cephalanthus accidentalis L. Button willow. Rubiacece. A tincture made of the bark has been found useful, as a tonic, as a laxative and as a remedy for fevers and coughs. 214. Cerasus demissa Nutt. Choke cherry. ( Amygdalacece .) Rosacece. Fruits eaten fresh or dried. Green as well as nearly ripe fruit is very astringent. Inner bark gathered in large quantities for medic- inal use. Said to be useful as a tonic, to check diarrhoea and to relieve nervousness. The fresh berries are ground (crushed) up entire in a stone mortar and pestle. The dried fruit pulp is boiled and eaten. A decoction of the young shoots and bark is taken, apparently as a PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 81 beverage (coffee). Root is used medicinally. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: (No. Ill) 356.) 215. Cerasus emarginata Dougl. ( Amygdalacea .) Rosacea. Used much like C. demissa. Fruit quite bitter and somewhat astrin- gent. Perhaps used because of the medicinal effects due hydrocyanic acid; perhaps tonic. 216. Cerasus occidentals Torr. Red bud. Judas tree. Rosacea. Bark used as a substitute for quinine. Requires further study. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: (No. II) 356.) 217. Ceratonia siliqua L. St. John’s Bread. Carol). Leguminosa. Quite extensively grown in the southern part of the State. This tree was known to the ancients and the fruit was eaten, which is rich in sugar and has laxative properties. Seeds are very hard and are rejected. Cultivated in various warmer countries, and the pods are often used as fodder for horses. The fruit is used in a patented remedy of California sold under the name of “ Carol).” It is tonic and laxative. 218. Cercis occidentalis Torr. Common Red bud. Leguminosa. Bark was used by old settlers as a substitute for quinine in the treat- ment of malarial fevers. 219. Cercocarpus betulsefolius Hook. Rosacea. Shrub, 2/15 feet high. Valued as fuel. Reported to have medicinal properties. 220. Cereus (Cactus) grandiflorus L. Night blooming cereus. Cactacea. This plant does well in the State when carefully cultivated. A very valuable heart tonic with the properties of digitalis. Poisonous. Culture well worthy a trial. Common as an ornamental plant. 221. Chamaecyparis (Cupressus) lawsoniana Pari. Oregon cedar. Ginger pine. Conifera. Wood of excellent quality, very fragrant, credited with antiseptic and other properties, said to be especially useful in diseases of the lungs. 222. Chenopodium species. Pigweeds. Chenopodiacea. These weeds very common. The following species are the most important : C. ambrosioides (Mexican tea), C. anthelminticum (AVormseed), and C. californicum (Soap plant.) Most of them are used medicinally, principally the seeds, as a vermifuge. Seeds are rich in oil. (See Proe. A. Ph. A. (Abstract) 27:152, 1879.) 6 — BP 82 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 223. Chenopodium album L. Pigweed. Chenopodiacece. Leaves used as greens. Indians use old leaves to relieve stomach- ache. 224. Chenopodium botrys L. Jerusalem Oak. Chenopodiacece. Is frequently cultivated for medicinal purposes. Other species are C. murale, C. rubrum and C. vulvaria. There are no doubt additional unidentified species. The Indians use the leaves as food and the seeds and other plant parts medicinally. 225. Chenopodium californicum Wats. Soap plant. Chenopodi- acece. Roots formerly much used as a substitute for soap. Still so used to some extent. 226. Cbimaphila menziesii Spreng. Pipsissiwa. Prince’s pine. Ericaceae. The leaves are highly valued as a tonic, astringent, and as a remedy for cataract. Other species are C. corymbosa Pursh. and C. maculata Pursh. No doubt the leaves of these species have medicinal value. 227. Chlorogalum angustifolium Kell. Soaproot. Liliacece. Found in the San Joaquin Valley and upper Sacramento. Requires further study. 228. Chlorogalum pomeridianum Kunth. Soaproot. Soap plant. Liliacece. Very common in California. Plas received considerable attention. Used by California Indians and Spaniards for cleansing purposes. Rich in saponin. Poisonous ; used by Indians to stupefy fish. Young shoots eaten by nearly all Indians. Dried juice of bulbs used as a glue for fastening feathers to arrows. Roasted and powdered bulbs are used as an antiseptic application for ulcers and sores. A decoction of bulb is said to be useful as a diuretic and laxative, etc. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: (No. Ill) 319.) 229. “Chucklusa. ” An Indian name applied to several species of Peucedauum, used medicinally and as food. (Am. Journ. Pharm., 1890.) 230. Cichorium intybus L. Chicory. Composites. This plant has been cultivated very successfully in California in the San Joaquin Valley. Well known. The dried roasted roots are used as a surrogate for coffee. 231. Cicuta species. Water hemlocks. TJmbelliferce. Most of the species are believed to be poisonous, and it is known that many are highly poisonous. It is stated that drinking water in which the poisonous species grow will cause symptoms of poisoning. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 83 For cattle poisoning, melted lard is much used as a popular remedy. For references to chemistry, etc., see U. S. Disp. 232. Cicuta bolanderi Wats. Large water hemlock. Umbelliferce. Found only near San Francisco Bay. Requires further study. Poi- sonous. 233. Cicuta douglasii. Purple-stemmed water hemlock. Umbel- liferce. Very poisonous. Western Range, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. 234. Cicuta maculata L. American water hemlock. Umbelliferce. A very poisonous plant, native of the United States, found in swampy lands, having a parsnip-like odor. Possible medicinal uses not investigated. Eastern in range. (Calif. Geol. Surv. Bot. 1:260.) 235. Cicuta occidentalis Green. Wyoming water hemlock. Umbel- liferce. Poisonous. Used by Indians for suicidal purposes. The root is dug up and eaten. Piutes seem to have suicidal tendencies. Poisonous to cattle. Requires further study. 236. Cicuta vagans Greene. Oregon water hemlock. Umbelliferce. A western plant found in northern California, Idaho, and British Columbia. Poisonous properties like those of Conium. Requires fur- ther study. 237. Cicuta virosa californica C. and R. California water hemlock. Umbelliferce. Near San Francisco Bay. Very poisonous. Requires further study as to identity as well as constituents. Well known in Europe. East- ern range in United States. The active principle of the cicutas is not well known. It appears to be a compound, which has been named cicutoxin by R. Boehm. It is a resinous, non-crystallizable body, acid in reaction and very bitter, readily soluble in water. It is not an alkaloid, but a toxin, resembling andromedotoxin. 238. Cinchona species. Cinchonas. Rubiacece. Cinchonas have been grown in the Berkeley gardens, and the alka- loidal constituency thereof examined. It lias been suggested that the climate of the mountainous regions of northern California would be well suited for cinchona cultivation, but it is very doubtful whether they would thrive, on account of the low Avinter temperature. (See paper by Happersberger.) The conditions (atmospheric moisture, drainage, temperature, rain- fall) in many localities of southern California, particularly near the 84 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. coast slopes, would seein suitable for cinchona culture, especially the hardy C. officinalis. (U. S. Disp., pp. 388-418.) (Bailey, Cycl. Am. Hort., 316.) (Univ. Calif. Coll. Agr. Rep., pp. 74—75, 1879; pp. 103- 105, 1883.) James MacPherson, who has resided at the plateau of the Nilgiri Mountains in India, states that the list of plants in the Report of the Park Commissioners of Golden Gate Park is closely similar to that of the Nilgiri Plateau. For reference to literature and abstracts of papers on the history, uses and cultivation of Cinchonas, see volumes of Proceedings of the American Pharmaceutical Association, especially the earlier numbers ranging from the first number up to 1880 and later. Each volume Avill have several references to the subject. 239. Cinnamomum camphora Nees. Camphor tree. Laurinece. Has escaped from cultivation and thrives well throughout the State. Of slow growth. No practical attempts at cultivation and camphor production on a large scale have thus far been made in the United States. There seems to be no good reason why California, Florida and other warm states should not supply camphor. The California tree is evidently as rich in camphor as that of China and Japan, as is shown from recent tests made at the California College of Pharmacy by E. M. Kimberlin. Whether camphor production could be made profitable in California has not yet been determined. Carefully planned tests and experiments would be very desirable to determine this. 240. Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees. Ceylon cinnamon. Laurinece. Cultivated in southern part of the State. Other species are also cul- tivated. No commercial use made of the bark. Handsome trees. 241. Cirsium (Cnicus) arvensis Scop. Canada thistle. Compositce. This plant is said to contain an alkaloid and have emetic, tonic and diaphoretic properties. Root astringent, and has been used medicin- ally. An introduced plant. (H. J. Pierce. Am. Journ. Pharm. 58 : 1896.) 242. Cistus species. Rock rose. Labdanum. Cistacece. (See, also, Labdanum.) Evergreen shrubs extensively cultivated. Contain a resinous sub- stance (labdanum) which is of considerable commercial value in the Orient. It is an expectorant tonic, formerly much used in catarrh and dysentery. Now used only in plasters. (C. labdaniferus L. and other species.) (Am. Journ. Pharm. 47:499. 1875.) (Proc. A. Ph. A. 27:224. 1879.) PIIARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 85 243. Citrullus colocynthis Schrad. Colocyntli. Bitter apple. Cucurbit acece. Has been grown in Mexico and promises to do well in this State. A laxative. Poisonous. Well known medicinally. (U. S. Disp.) 244. Citrus limonum L. and varieties. Lemon. Aurantiacece. Extensively cultivated in southern portions of the State. Related fruits, as the grape fruit, lime, with their numerous culture varieties and artificial crosses, are cultivated in the State. (See publications by Le Long.) (Bailey, Cycl. Am. ILort. 322.) 245. Claviceps purpurea Tul. Ergot. Fungi. This fungus occurs on rye and other cereals. On the western plains it is found on the following grasses: Elymus species, Agropyron species, Koeleria cristata (Prairie June grass), Phalaris arundinacese (reed canary grass), more commonly on Elymus condensatus (Avild rye grass) and Agropyron spicatum (bluejoint. grass). On these hosts it is the cause of poisoning cattle. General medicinal uses known to Indians. A very useful haemostatic. (Contrib. IT. S. Nat. Herb. 7 : (No. Ill) 299.) (U. S. Disp. 511.) 246. Clematis lasiantha Nutt. Pipe-stem. Large-flowered clematis. Ranunculacece. Quite common. Requires study. Perhaps has properties like those of C. erecta, C. flammula, C. vitalba and C. virginiana, Avhich have been used medicinally in the treatment of cancer, ulcers, syphilitic eruptions, the itch, etc. Some species are much cultivated as orna- mental plants. 247. Clematis ligustifolia Nutt. Ranunculacece. Stem and leaves are chewed to cure colds. Another common Cali- fornia species known as hill clematis. 248. Clintonia andrewsiana Torr. Purple clintonia. Liliacece. Considered a valuable diuretic, mild tonic and demulcent. (Kel- logg, Trans. State Agr. Soc., p. 148.) 249. Cnicus (Carduus) benedictus L. Blessed thistle. Conipositce. Introduced in the University gardens at Berkeley, but threatened to spread as a noxious weed and was promptly exterminated. Leaves worth about twenty-five cents per pound. Seeds and herb used in medicine. 250. Cocos species. Coco nuts. Palmce. The cocoa nut palms thrive in southern California. Many species and varieties are being introduced. 86 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 251. Cocos nucifera L. Coco nut palm. Palmce. Cultivated in warmer parts of the State. Promises to be a com- mercial success. 252. Colchicum autumnale L. Colchicum. Meadow saffron. Coji- vallariacece. A well-known, poisonous medicinal plant, native of southern Europe, Switzerland, and Turkey. Extensively cultivated in Europe. Re- quires rich, moist soil, in the open. Easy of cultivation. The conns (tubers) are used, having decided diuretic, laxative and alterative properties; much used in rheumatism and gout. Poisonous. Value, thirty-five cents per pound. Seeds are also used. The corms are collected the second year, after seeds are ripe, washed, sliced, and dried in the sun. Seeds are collected when fully ripened. The present market is supplied from England and Germany. 253. Coleosanthus californicus Kuntze. Brickellia. Compositce. Leaves used as a substitute for tea. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: (No. Ill) 393.) 254. Collinsia bicolor Benth. Innocence. Collinsia. Scrophula- racece. Poultice of the leaves used for insect bites. A plant common throughout western California. 255. Collomia gracilis Dougl. Polemoniacece. The seeds soaked in water give a highly mucilaginous, cooling drink, known by the Mexicans as “Chia.” (See paper by E. Palmer.) 256. Colutea arborescens L. Bladder senna. Papilionacece. Cultivated as an ornamental shrub. The leaflets are purgative and used as a substitute for senna. 257. Compositae. The following members of the family, besides many others having medicinal properties, are common : Arnica discoidea Benth. Coast Arnica. Arnica latifolia Bang. Arnica. Cichorium intybus L. Chicory. Introduced. Gnaphalium species. Helianthus annuus L. Common sunflower. Lactuca scariola L. Prickly lettuce. Sonchus oleraceus L. Sow thistle. Senecio vulgaris L. Common groundsel. Solidago species. Golden rod. Xanthium canadense Mill. Cocklebur. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 87 258. “ Conchatana. ” A medicine made from the roots of some plant used at Bodega. Requires further investigation. 259. Conium maculatum L. Poison hemlock. Apiacece. ( Umbel - lifer ce. ) A well-known poison plant, native of Europe and Asia, but common in United States. Escaped from cultivation. Leaves and seeds used, twenty cents per pound. Easily cultivated. (B. Hutchins, Conium maculatum, wild parsnip. Calif. College Pharm. 1902. Thesis.) 260. Concallaria majalis L. Lily of the Valley. Gonvallariacece. A well-known plant, cultivated extensively as an ornamental plant. The rhizomes and roots are heart tonic and diuretic. Used medic- inally in dropsy, heart disease, weak heart, etc. Properties much like those of digitalis. Poisonous. Cultivation easy, simple, and would no doubt he fairly profitable on a large scale. Price per pound, sixteen to twenty cents. For uses and physiological action see Proc. A. Ph. A. (Abstract) 31 : 101, 102, 1883, and text-books on Materia Medica and dispensatories. 261. Convolvulus arvensis L. Common bindweed. European bind- weed. Convolvulacece. A very common troublesome weed. A tincture is made from the entire plant. 262. Cornus florida L. Dogwood. Cornacece. Introduced ornamental plant. Cultivated as an ornamental tree throughout the State. Bark well known medicinally. Used in inter- mittent fevers, as an astringent tonic, etc. (U. S. Disp.) 263. Cornus pubescens Nutt. Red willow. Cornacece. Eaten raw and dried for winter use. No medicinal uses appear to be made of this plant. 264. Cotyledon califomicum Trelease. Hen-and-chickens. Crassu- lacece. Indians use the leaves in making a soothing poultice. The young leaves of C. edulis, C. lanceolata and C. pulverulenta are eaten by the Indians. 265. Coptis species. Golden thread. Banunculacece. The native species require further study. The roots are bitter and used as a tonic and as a local application in aphthous ulcerations of the mouth. The Japanese C. anemonifolia S. and Z. is highly valued as a medicine. 88 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 266. Crateagus oxyacantha Gert. European Hawthorn. Rosacece. Introduced ; very common as an ornamental plant. Leaves, bark, flower and fruit have been used medicinally, principally as a cardiac tonic. (G. M. Beringer. Am. Journ. Pharm. 76: 283-284, 1904.) The native Crateagus rivularis Nutt. (Thorn tree) is said to be poi- sonous (thorns of the stem). Fruit sometimes eaten by Indians. 267. Crocus sativus L. Saffron. Iridacece. I am not aivare that this plant is actually grown, but it would cer- tainly thrive well in the State. Stigmas used as a coloring agent by baker and confectioner. Well known medicinally. Cultivated in Pennsylvania and New York. 268. Crotalaria sagittalis L. Rattlebox. Papilionacece. South, central and eastern United States. Not definitely reported from California. Poisonous plant which requires further study. 269. Croton californicum Mull. Euphorbiacece. A bitter tea is made from the leaves and used for rheumatism, and as a salve (powdered leaves and tallow). Purgative. 270. Croton tiglium L. Croton oil plant. Euphorbiacece. This and other foreign species and varieties grow very readily in the southern part of the State and some of them are very common as orna- mental plants. Well-known medicinally. Poisonous. 271. Cruciferae. Mustard family. The mustard family is well represented in the State. Many mem- bers occur as very troublesome weeds. Many species are naturalized, and others are native. Their medioinal, popular and household use is familiar to all. The following are the more important species : (Calif. Geol. Surv. Bot. 1:25.) Sisymbrium officinale Scop. Hedge mustard. Sisymbrium pinnatum Walt. Tansy mustard. Cakile americana Nutt. Sea rocket. Brassica campestris L. Common yellow mustard. Brassica arvensis L. Charlock. Brassica nigra L. Black mustard. Brassica alba Boiss. White mustard. Raphanus sativus L. Wild radish. Raphanus raphanistrum L. Jointed Charlock. Arabis virginica Trelease. Cress. Arabis glabra Beruh. Tower mustard. Arabis blepharophylla H. and A. Cress. Arabis breweri Wats. Brewer rock cress. Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. Winter cress. PHARMACAL plants and their culture. 89 Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Water cress. Nasturtium curvisiliqua Nutt. Western yellow cress. Nasturtium palustris D.C. Mush yellow cress. Cardamine oligosperma Nutt. Bitter cress. Capsella bursa-pastoris Moench. Shepherds purse. Capsella procumbens Fries. Camalina sativa Crantz. False flax. Seeds rich in oil. Alyssum calycinum L. Small alyssum. Alyssum maritimum L. Sweet alyssum. Lepidium medium Greene. Tall pepper grass. Lepidium nitidum Nutt. Common pepper grass. 272. Cucurbita foetidissima H. B. K. Chili cojote. Gourd. Cucurbit acece. Leaves and the large roots are used for washing, but must be thoroughly rinsed, because they are very irritating to the skin. Leaves are highly valued medicinally. The pulp of the green fruit is mixed with soap, and applied to sores and ulcers. Seeds are ground and eaten. 273. Cucurbita perennis Gray. Chili cojote. Mock orange. Cu- curbitacece. Pulp of green fruit used as a substitute for soap. Macerated root used as a remedy for piles, and the seeds are eaten by the Indians. The roots are crushed by the Coahuila Indians, mixed with sugar and applied to the saddle sores of horses. (Barrows.) (U. S. Geog. Surv.. Wheeler’s Rep. Bot. 6:44.) (Calif. Geol. Surv. Bot. 1:239.) Also used by Mexicans in tanning. 274. Cymopteris acaulis Rydb. Umbelliferce. This and several other species are used. Some species are perhaps poisonous. Roots said to be eaten by Indians. 275. Cymopteris fendleri Gray. Umbelliferce. Resembles C. anisatum and, like that plant, emits a strong anise- like odor when boiled. The decoction used with whisky is used as a warm stomachic bitters. Also used as a kitchen confection in dress- ing, etc. It has carminative and tonic properties. Roots of most species eaten by Indians. (U. S. Geog. Surv., Wheeler’s Rep. Bot. 6:44.) 276. Cynoglossum grande Dougl. Coyote. Dog ear. Boraginacece. Cooked roots are eaten. Indians use grated roots to apply to scales and burns and to relieve stomachache. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: (No. Ill) 282.) 90 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 277. Cypripedium hirsutum Mill. Larger yellow lady’s slipper. Orchidacece. Found in Maine, Minnesota, Alabama, Arkansas, and sparingly in Colorado. Can no doubt be introduced into California. 278. Cypripedium montanum. Lady’s slipper. Orchidacece. Not very plentiful and requires study. Another species, C. cali- fomicum, is found in Mendocino County. 279. Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. Orchidacece. Range much as preceding, but extending father north and west, to the State of Washington. Can no doubt be cultivated in certain areas of California. 280. Cypripedium reginae Walt. Showy lady’s slipper. Orchid- acece. In swamps of Georgia, Missouri, and Minnesota. Can no doubt be introduced into the boggy swamp lands of California. The poisonous nature of the above orchids was not suspected until about 1875, when Prof. H. H. Babcock called attention to symptoms produced not unlike those caused by poison ivy (Rhus radicans). In 1894 Prof. D. T. MacDougal of the Tucson Experimental Station investigated these plants more carefully and reached the conclusion that the active principle (oil) occurred in the glandular tricliomes of the leaves and stems. The action and exact chemical nature of this substance requires further study. (D. T. MacDougal. On the poi- sonous influence of Cypripedium spectabile and C. pubescens. Min- nesota Bot. Studies, Bui. 9, Jan., 1894.) 281. Cytisus laburnum L. (Laburnum vulgare Presl.) Papilion- acece. Cultivated in California. Poisonous. Has been used in asthma, Avhooping-cough, dyspepsia, headache, etc. 282. Cytisus scoparius L. Broom. Papilionacece. Very common as an ornamental plant throughout the State. A decoction is used as a diuretic and cathartic, in cardiac affections and in dropsy. In large doses it is poisonous and emetic. Said to be useful as a supporter of the heart’s action during chloroform and ether anaesthesia. A very common ornamental shrub throughout the State. Well known medicinally. Numerous other species of cytisus are intro- duced. (U. S. Disp.) 283. Dalea species. Leguminosce. The California species are limited to the southeastern desert regions. They are used as food and medicinally by the Indians. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THE IB CULTURE. 91 284. Dalea emoryi G. Leguminosce. This appears to be the most popular species among the Indians. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 27:258, 1879.) 285. Daphne mezereum L. Mezereon. Olive spurge. Tkymelacece. Cultivated as an ornamental plant. Well known medicinally. A decoction of the bark is popularly used as a diuretic. 286. Datisca glomerata Hook. Durango root. Datistacece. Used by Indians to stupefy fish. Leaves and roots intensely bitter; used as a bitter tonic. Should be more carefully studied. 287. Datura meteloides D. C. Jamestown weed. Solanacece. The Coahilla Indians have used this noxious weed as a substitute for tobacco ; also mixed with drinks and in the form of a poultice. According to Hall, an intoxicating drink is made from the crushed fruits. General medicinal properties similar to D. stramonium. Should be more carefully investigated. (Calif. Geol. Surv., Bot. 1:544.) (Barrows, Land of Sunshine, No. 13, p. 322, Nov., 1900.) (Hilgard, IJ. of C. Agr. Exp. Stat. Reports, p. 284, 1890.) (U. S. Dept. Agr. Off. Exp. Sta. Bui. No. 15, p. 369.) (Proc. A. Ph. A., 27:158, 1879.) 288. Datura stromonium L. Thorn apple. Jamestown weed. Jim- son weed. Stink apple. Solanacece. Is becoming gradually introduced from the East. A rank weed in waste places. Well known medicinally. Very easily grown. The leaves and seeds are used medicinally. (U. S. Disp.) 289. Datura tatula L. Jimson weed. Solanacece. Common in the State. Closely related to D. stramonium. Con- tains atropine and hyoscyamine. The seeds are very poisonous. Should be more fully investigated. 290. Daucus carota L. Wild carrot. Thnbelliferce. The seeds act as a mild, stimulating diuretic, used in dropsy and chronic nephritis. Contains pectin, vegetable jelly, etc. (U. S. Disp.) 291. Daucus pusillus Michx. Rattlesnake weed. Umbelliferce. Used by the Spaniards as an antidote for snake bite. (Calif. Geol. Surv. Bot. 2 : 452. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: No. 3, p. 372.) 292. Delphinium species. Larkspur. Banunculacece. Numerous species occur in the State, and all are more or less poi- sonous. Many are cultivated as ornamental plants. This group of plants causes very serious losses to ranchmen through the poisoning of cattle on the grazing ranges. The symptoms of poisoning by the larkspurs are similar to those of aconite, and the treatment is the same as for aconite poisoning. 92 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 293. Delphinium bicolor Nutt. Purple larkspur. Ranunculacece. Poisonous. Cultivated. Properties simliar to those of D. con- solida. 294. Delphinium californicum T. and G. Coast larkspur. Ranun- culacece. Not very common. Poisonous. 295. Delphinium consolida L. Larkspur. Ranunculacece. A common poison weed of Europe; introduced everywhere. Well known medicinally. Seeds used to destroy lice and other vermin. (U. S. Disp. and texts on materia medica.) 296. Delphinium decorum F. and M. Larkspur. Ranunculacece. Reported to be poisonous.. This species and D. scopulorum require further investigation as to poisonous properties. 297. Delphinium geyeri Greene. Larkspur. Ranunculacece. Common on the ranches of Colorado and Wyoming. Fresh leaves are very poisonous. Requires further study. 298. Delphinium glaucum. Tall larkspur. Ranunculacece. Poisonous to cattle. Requires further study. 299. Delphinium hesperium Gray. Western larkspur. Rattle- snake flower. Ranunculacece. Poisonous to cattle. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7 : (No. 3) 347.) 300. Delphinium menziesii D.C. Purple larkspur. Ranunculacece. Common in California. Many heads of sheep have been poisoned by this plant. 301. Delphinium nudicaule T. and G. Red larkspur. Sleep root. Ranunculacece. Is reported to have narcotic and soporific properties. Should be more carefully studied. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7 : (No. 3) 347.) 302. Delphinium recurvatum Greene. Larkspur. Ranunculacece. Very poisonous. Requires further study. 303. Delphinium staphisagria L. Stavesacre. Ranunculacece. A common poison weed from Europe, well known medicinally. May be grown anywhere. Seeds used externally (infusion) to destroy lice and other vermin. (U. S. Disp.) 304. Delphinium tricorne Michx. Dwarf larkspur. Ranunculacece. Eastern and southern in range, but is grown in California. The active constituents of this plant require further study. Fresh leaves are very poisonous. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 93 305. Delphinium trolliifolium Gray. Larkspur. Banunculacece. Occurs from California northward into Oregon and British Colum- bia. Requires further study. 306. Delphinium variegatum T. and G. Sacramento larkspur. Banunculacece. Poisonous. 307. Dicentra chrysantha H. and A. Dutchman’s breeches. Fumariacece. Grows on high, dry ridges. Requires further study as to active con- stituents. Perhaps contains an alkaloid like that of D. canadensis. (W. T. Wenzell, Am. Journ. Pharm. 205, 1855.) 308. Dicentra farmosa D.C. Dutchman’s breeches. Bleeding heart. Fumariacece. Found in shady woods. Said to be tonic, diuretic and alterative. Extensively used by the eclectics. 309. Digitalis purpurea L. Foxglove. Digitalis. Scrophulariacece. An European plant, introduced everywhere ; has escaped from culti- vation and occurs spontaneously in several places along the entire Pacific coast as far north as Vancouver Island. Extensively groivn in California. According to chemical analyses, the American article is fully as active as the European (English). Easy of cultivation. Thrives best in rather sandy, fairly rich, loose soil. Should be attempted on a large scale (several acres or more). Plant in rows and cultivate not unlike sugar-beet or potatoes. Full grown, bright green leaves of the second year’s growth only are collected, at the time of flowering. Spread leaves thinly and dry quickly, carefully and uniformly. When dry, keep in tightly-closed, dry packages in dry place. Should be marketed promptly, as the drug deteriorates rather quickly (one year and less). A very useful drug, heart tonic, poisonous. Market value per pound, for good material, about forty cents. 310. Dioscorea species. Yarn root. Dioscoreacece. Most species are cultivated. Edible, tuberous roots, very rich in starch. The eclectics use the roots of D. villosa in bilious colic and the negroes of the southern states use them in the treatment of rheu- matism. 311. Diospyros virginiana L. Persimmon. Styracece. Cultivated in the southern portions of the State. The unripe fruit is very astringent, rich in tannin, used in diarrhoea, dysentery, uterine hemorrhage. The bark is also very astringent and similarly used. 94 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 312. Diplacus glutinosus Wendl. Glutinous monkey flower. Scro- phulariacece. 313. Distichlis spicata Greene. Salt grass. Liliacece. Used in indigestion. Requires careful study as to its reputed prop- erties. 314. Drosera rotundifolia L. Sundew. Droseracece. Introduced, found in conservatories and other places. This species, as well as D. longifolia L. and varieties, are said to be useful in phthisis. Well known medicinally, though no longer officinal. Ap- plied in the form of poultices to corns, bunions and warts. Used in Italy to make a liquor called “rossoli.” (Proc. A. Ph. A. 27 : 225-227, 1879.) 315. Dryopteris felix-mas (L.) Schott and D. marginale (L.) Gray. Male ferns. Filicinece. These important drug plants, of which the rhizomes and stipes yield the oleoresin (male fern oil) which is the most reliable remedy to expel tapeworm. May readily be grown in moist shady places. Whether they can be grown profitably remains to be determined. The grower should also market and manufacture the oil, which is worth thirty-five cents per ounce retail. The rhizomes are worth about twenty-five cents per pound. 316. Duboisia species. Solanacece. These plants are readily grown, and some of them should be more carefully investigated as to chemical constituency and medicinal properties. D. myoporoides is well known; contains duboisine, an alkaloid identical with hyoscyamine. 317. Duboisia myoporoides R. Solanacece. Grown in experimental gardens. Properties like those of bella- donna and stramonium. Poisonous. (See 316.) 318. Echinacea angustifolia D.C. Niggerhead. Compositce. Said to be an antidote for rattlesnake bite, for blood poisoning, etc. Highly spoken of by such authority as J. U. Lloyd. Used as a cancer remedy and blood purifier. (Am. Journ. Pharm., 15-20, 1904.) This species is closely related to E. purpureum, known as black Sampson. Both species are well worthy of more careful study as regards their several reputed properties. Much used by the eclectics. 319. Echinocactus cylindrica. Niggerhead. Hedgehog thistle. Cactacece. The young shoots and seeds are eaten. Juicy, rich in water. PI-IARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 95 320. Echinocactus polycephalus E. and B. Devil’s pincushion. Cactacece. Seeds used as food by the Indians. Spines are used for needles. 321. Echincystis (Micrampelis, Megarrhiza) fabacea Naud. Wild cucumber. Big root. Cucurbitaccce . Common in sandy soil. An oil expressed from the roasted leaves has been used to promote the growth of hair. Roots rich in starch and contain an acrid principle having purgative properties similar to those of jalap. 322. Echinocystis marah Cogn. Bitter root. Big root. Man root. Chili cajote. Cucurbitaccce . Closely related to E. fabacea. The enormous, tuberous roots, weigh- ing from thirty to one hundred pounds, contain starch and an acrid poison having drastic purgative properties. The seeds and roots are used as a popular medicine in the treatment of rheumatism and ven- ereal diseases. Used in the manufacture of a California “bitters.” The medicinal properties of this plant are well worthy of more care- ful study. The abundant root starch could no doubt be used com- mercially. The stems and leaves are said to be inert. 323. Elastica. India rubber. From various plants. Many rubber-yielding plants thrive in California, some of which could no doubt be grown profitably. Attempts are being made to secure seeds and living plants of Parthenium argentatum, the Mex- ican rubber plant, which is very rich in rubber. (Pacific Druggist, March. 1905, p. 14.) Rubber is also obtained from several species of milkweed. Rubber plant culture in the State of California is well worthy of careful consideration. 324. Elymus species. Rye grass. Graminece. Used by the Indians as a mechanical counter-irritant in the treat- ment of granulated eyelid. The leaf is broken oft' and held by both hands, is drawn, apex forward, over the granulated lid. This also acts as a. cleansing agent. Action purely mechanical, due to the spicules of silica of the marginal epidermal cells. 325. Ephedra antisyphilitica Wats. Mountain rush. Gnetacece.. This plant is not reported from the State. A decoction of the stems is much used in the treatment of gonorrhea. The plant evidently contains a tannin-like glucosid, eplieclrin. It requires careful study. (U. S. Geol. Surv., Wheeler’s Rep. Bot. 6: 50, 611.) 326. Ephedra californica Wats. Gnetacece. Decoctions (tea) of stems used by Indians and Spaniards as a tonic and blood purifier and in venereal diseases. (Calif. Geol. Surv. Bot. 2:108.) 96 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 327. Ephedra nevadensis AVats. Gnetacece. Much used in Arizona as a remedy in the treatment of gonorrhea. The Coahilla Indians prepare a cooling drink from the dried twigs and leaves. The seeds are sometimes roasted and eaten. 328. Ephedra trifurca Torr. Canutilla. Gnetacece. A native of Arizona, which, according to Dr. W. C. Eidenmuller of San Francisco, is an excellent remedy in the treatment of Bright’s disease. The exact botanical relationship of the above species of Ephedra should be very carefully determined, and the reputed properties of these plants should be very carefully investigated. Their extended, and evidently successful use in the treatment of gonorrhea would indi- cate that there may be present constituents other than tannin. 329. Epilobium franciscanum Barbey. Willow herb. Onagracece. A decoction of the whole herb highly praised in inflammatory con- ditions of the alimentary canal. 330. Equisetum arvense L. Scouring rush. Field horsetail. Equisetacece. Reported to be poisonous. Used medicinally, has astringent and stimulating properties. Used as a diuretic. 331. Equisetum hyemale L. Scouring rush. Equisetacece. An infusion of the entire plant used as a diuretic in dropsical and renal diseases. (Am. Journ. Pharm., 419, 1886.) (Proc. A. Ph. A. 35: 104, 1887.) Equisetum variegatum Schl. is used for scouring purposes by set- tlers, and to smooth down arrows and other woodwork by Indians. Used by Indians and settlers as a stimulating diuretic in renal and dropsical disorders. 332. Eremocarpus (Croton) setigerus Bentli. Turkey mullein. Euphorbiacece. California Indians use the heavily-scented foliage of this plant to stupefy fish, hence it is sometimes called fish loco weed. Also used as an arrow poison. Turkeys are very fond of the seeds. Indians also used the bruised leaves as a counter-irritant applied to the chest to relieve internal pain. A decoction of the plant or leaves put in warm water is used as a wash in typhoid and other fevers. Much used as a poultice. Taste is very acrid. Poisonous. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: (No. 3) 363.) (Proc. A. Ph. A. 30:250, 1882.) 333. Ergot. (See Claviceps purpurea.) 334. Erigeron species.' Fleabanes. Com posit ce. E. canadensis, E. philadelphicus, E. glaucus, E. miser, E. augustatus and other species are common in the State. PIJARMACAL PLANTS AND TIIEIR CULTURE. 97 335. Erigeron canadense L. Fleabane. Horse weed. Composite e. A very common weed which is, however, quite readily exterminated. Familiarly known as having medicinal properties. Used as a tonic, diuretic and astringent in diarrhoea and dropsical complaints. The oil of fleabane is said to be very useful in uterine, pulmonary and other internal hemorrhages; also in the treatment of gonorrhea. (U. S. Disp.) 336. Eriodictyon californicum Greene. Yerba santa. California balm. Mountain balm. Hydrophyllacece. A native of California. One of the most popular medicinal plants of the State. Indians and settlers consider the leaves a specific for colds, asthma, and grippe. It is highly valued as a blood purifier, as a cure for consumption, bronchitis, catarrh, and rheumatism. The leaves are smoked and chewed like tobacco and made into a tea. The entire plant is cut, dried, and the leaves removed by flailing. The leaves are worth about thirty cents per pound. Eridictyon tomentosum Benth. A native of southern California. Has properties and uses similar to those of E. californicum. Less pop- ularly known. 337. Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. Wild buckwheat. Polygo- naceoe. The Coaliilla Indians make a strong, black tea from the leaves, which is given for pain in the stomach and for headache. A tea made from the flowers is used as an eye-wash. Also said to be useful in bronchitis, grippe, and hoarseness. 338. Eriogonum flavum Nutt. Polygonacece. Said to be poisonous. Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant. 339. Eriogonum heraclioides Nutt. Polygonacece. Said to be poisonous. This and other species require further study. 340. Eriogonum latifolium Smith. Sour grass. Polygonacece. Decoction of stem, leaves, and roots used for pain in the stomach, for headache and for female complaints. A root decoction is used for sore eyes. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7 : (No. 3) 345.) 341. Eriogonum nudum Dougl. Blood root. Polygonacece. Said to be useful in lung diseases and as a blood purifier. Erigonum virgatum Benth (wild buckwheat) is used by making a syrup from the entire plant; given in bronchial coughs. 342. Erodium cicutarium L. Red stemmed filaree. Geraniacece. A very common weed. Said to be useful in dropsy. (W. A. Smith, 7 — BF 98 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. Am. Journ. Med. Sci., 1865.) Other species are E. macrophyllum, E. botrys, and E. moschatum. 343. Eryngium aquaticum L. Button snakeroot, Umbelliferoe. The root is bitter, pungently aromatic, used as a sialagogue, dia- phoretic, and expectorant. Has been used as a substitute for senega. In large doses, emetic. The native species require further study. 344. Erythraea douglasii Gray. Canchalagua. Gentianacece. Used in the treatment of malaria and as a blood purifier. 345. Erythraea muhlenbergii Griseb. Canchalagua. Gentianacece. This and Erythraea leucantha Griseb. enjoy an excellent reputation among the Indians and settlers as a febrifuge and anodyne. Old settlei's call it “opium plant.” 346. Erythraea trichantha Griseb. Ague weed. Gentianacece . Said to be a valuable remedy in the treatment of malaria. 347. Erythraea venusta Gray. Canchalagua. California centaury. Gentianacece. Very extensively employed as a fever remedy, as a bitter tonic, anti-malarial, and is said to be antiseptic. General properties like those of gentian. A species of Erythraea, mentioned by Dr. Kellogg, was reported to be a pleasant, bitter tonic, useful in malaria. Its medicinal properties are said to be entirely lost in the dry plant. (Proc. Calif. Acad. 1 : 63, July, 1855.) 348. Erythronium giganteum Lindl. Dogtooth violet. Liliacece. The Indians eat the conns and also crush them and apply them to boils and ulcers. 349. Erythroxylon coca Lam. Coca. Erythroxylacece. Apparently no attempts have been made to introduce this plant into California. It thrives in the Andes at an elevation of two thousand to five thousand feet. "Would no doubt survive in the warmer por- tions of the State. It is worthy of a trial. 350. Eschscholtzia californica Cham. California poppy. Papa- veracece. This is the best known flowering herb of the State, and is found everywhere in great profusion and showing considerable variation in the coloration of the flowers. Has received considerable attention on the part of chemists and therapeutists. It is said to be a soporific and analgesic similar in action to opium, without any of the objection- able features of the latter drug. Flowers put in oil and placed in the sun, used as an application to cleanse the hair and scalp and as a hair tonic. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 99 The species occurs in a great variety of forms, by some systematists given the rank of species. Eschscholtzia douglasii is probably a form of the species. It is much used by Indians in the treatment of headache, as an emetic, to check the secretion of milk, to relieve stomach-ache, toothache, and as a poultice to ulcers and sores. 351. Eucalyptus species. Blue gum. Red gum, etc. Myrtacece. Some one hundred or more species, varieties and forms of the genus eucalyptus have been introduced into the State, and all thrive well. E. globulus is perhaps the most common. The oil is manufac- tured and is used in the treatment of congestive headache, given in doses of five minims. Eucalyptol is much used as an antiseptic, in the treatment of malaria, as an ingredient of cough drops and other cough remedies, as a stimulating antiseptic in tooth powders and pastes, in the treatment of malaria, etc. There is a voluminous literature on the botany, range, distribution, uses and products of the various species and varieties. There are several very important English monographs, and much of the work done by English investigators is recorded in the Pharmaceutical Journal and Translations, which should be considted. While the oil is manufactured in California, the industry is as yet not carried on on a large scale. A “boiler compound’’ is manufac- tured as a by-product of the oil by one firm. 352. Eugenia michelii Lam. Cayenne or Surinam cherry. All- spice. Myrtacece. Cultivated in the southern portions of the State. Berries edible, with a spicy, aromatic flavor. Much esteemed for jellies. The bark and leaves of several species are used medicinally. (U. S. Disp.) E. jambosa, E. pimento (allspice) and other species are cultivated in the warmer portions of the State. 353. Eulophus bolanderi C. and R. TJmbelliferce. Indians collect the roots in large quantities and eat them raw or cooked. A staple article of diet, equal in importance to the bulbs of Calochartus (Mariposa lily). Taste not unlike that of the chestnut. 354. Eupatorium bolanderi D.C. Compositce. The Apache Indians are said to use this plant as a substitute for tobacco. It has narcotic properties. Smoking it produces nervous tremors (U. S. Geol. Surv., Wheeler’s Rep. Bot., p. 45.) 355. Eupatorium wrightii Gray. Boneset. Compositce. This species requires study. Perhaps similar in properties to E. perfoliatum, E. purpureum, E. teucrifolium and E. foeniculaceum. 100 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 356. Euphorbia species. Spurge. Euphorbiacece. Introduced and native species are common. Some are poisonous and some of the native species are used as food. They have diapho- retic and emetic properties. 357. Euphorbia albomarginata T. and G. Euphorbiacece . This species, as well as E. ocellata and E. serpyllifolia, are used as rattlesnake-bite remedies. 358. Euphorbia corallata L. Large flowering spurge. Euphorbi- acece. Well known medicinally. Can be grown anywhere in sandy soil. Diaphoretic, expectorant and cathartic. Emetic in large doses. 359. Euphorbia glytosperma Engl. Spurge. Euphorbiacece. Poisonous. Requires study. 360. Euphorbia ipecacuanha L. Ipecac spurge. Euphorbiacece. Well known medicinally. May be grown anywhere in the United States. (U. S. Disp.) 361. Euphorbia lathyris L. Caper spurge. Euphorbiacece. A common plant of California, found in gardens and fields. Milky juice poisonous. Seeds very poisonous. Diaphoretic, purgative, emetic. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 30 : 250, 1882.) 362. Euphorbia marginata Pursh. Snow-on-the-mountain. Eu- phorbiacece. Native of the western plains, a common weed. The nectar of the flowers is poisonous and the honey made from the flowers is poisonous, detected by the hot, acrid taste. The milky juice produces skin erup- tions not unlike those by Rhus poisoning. Requires further study. 363. Euphorbia ocellata D. and H. Euphorbiacece. Used as a remedy for snake bite. (University correspondence, Dept, of Botany, Univ. Calif.) 364. Eurotia lanata Moq. Winter sage. Chenopodiacece. Said to be useful in intermittent fever. (Calif. Geol. Surv. Bot. 2:56.) 365. Evemia vulpina Ach. Wolf’s moss. Yellow moss. Lichenes. Used by Indians to dry up sores and to relieve rheumatism. Also used for dyeing purposes and as packing material. A typical western lichen. No longer considered of any value medicinally. 366. Exogonium purga Benth. (Ipomoea jalapa Nutt). Jalap. Convolvulacece. Well-known purgative. Can he cultivated in portions of the State. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 101 367. Fabiana imbricata R. et P. Pichi. Solanacece. A South American shrub cultivated in southern California. It is a terebinthine diuretic ; it also has tonic and cholagogue properties ; used in the treatment of acute and chronic nasal catarrh, in jaundice, in dyspepsia and to increase the secretion of bile. It has been employed in gonorrhea and gonorrheal prostatitis. (U. S. Disp.) (Bailey, Cycl. Am. Hort., 570.) (Proc. A. Pli. A. 37 : 1889.) (Proc. A. Ph. A. 34: 394-397, 1886.) (Am. Journ. Pharm., p. 65, 1889.) 368. Ficus carica L. Fig. Urticacece. Fig culture is a most important industry in California. Numerous culture farms or varieties are grown. F. elastica Roxb. and F. indica L. are also cultivated. The tig is a popular fruit, has mildly laxative properties. Dried tigs are often chopped up with senna leaves and taken as a laxative. (See reports of State Horticultural Society and of the College of Agriculture, Univ. Calif.) (Cycl. Am. Ilort., 582-588.) 369. Filago californica Nut. and Filago gallica L. Composite?. Decoction of whole plant used for fever and ague. 370. Fragaria species. Strawberry, llosacece. Strawberry culture is conducted on a large scale in certain areas of the State. The native species are F. californica C. and S. and F. chi- lensis Ducli. The herb and fruit (false fruit) are old-time gout remedies. The fruit has refrigerant properties. Strawberries pro- duce symptoms of poisoning in certain susceptible individuals. 371. Frankenia grandifolia C. and S. Salt grass. Yerba reuma. Frankeniaceee. A native herb rich in salts and tannin, employed in catarrhal troubles, also applied externally and used as a gargle in sore throat. (Am. Journ. Pharm., 23-25, 1899.) 372. Frasera albicaulis Dougl. Gentianacece. This plant is poisonous. Requires further study as regards its medicinal properties. Frasera speciosa Dougl. (showy frasera) is said to be poisonr Other species occur in the State. The medicinal fraseras gro in the State ; easy of cultivation. 373. Fraxinus americana L. and F. ornus L. Ash Cultivated. The bark of F. americana is usp ' F. ornus and other species yield the officinal charine exudation. Manna has mildly laxative } with other laxatives as an adjuvant and to disgu are many false mannas found upon the market, offi. plants. 102 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 374. Fraxinus oregana Nutt. Oregon ash. Oleacece. Indians apply the fresh mashed roots to wounds, especially to wounds received in bear hunts. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7 : (No. 3) 378.) 375. Fremontia calif ornica Torr. California slippery elm. Moun- tain leatherwood. Sterculiacece. Abundant in the southern Sierra. Bark has demulcent properties ; used in poultices, etc. (U. S. Geog. Surv., Wheeler’s Report, Bot. 6:41.) 376. Fritillaria lanceolata Pursh. Liliaccce. Cultivated as ornamental plants. The bulbs are eaten. Other species occur in the State. They recpiire further study. Apparently of food value only. 377. Fritillaria pudica Sprengel. Liliacece. Bulbs were formerly eaten by Indians, but now only in time of scarcity of food. 378. Fucus species. Bladder wracks. Algce. Demulcent properties in common with other seaweed. Also used as food by Indians. The dried stipes of several species of Laminaria were formerly much used as uterine tents. 379. Fumaria officinalis L. Fumitory. Fumariacece. A common European cultivated plant. Extensive popular medic- inal use. Laxative and tonic ; increases secretion of bile. Leaves used in scorbutic affections and in eruptive diseases. (U. S. Disp.) 380. Galega officinalis L. Goat’s rue. Leguminosce. A native of southern Europe, readily cultivated. Was at one time extensively employed in malignant fevers, the plague, for snake bite, worms, etc. Now rarely used. 381. Galium aparine L. Bed straw. Goose grass. Rubiacece. A cold infusion forms a popular cooling drink in fevers. 382. Galium triflorum Miclix. Sweet scented bed straw. Rubiacece. The plant has the fragrance of the European Asperula odorata. A decoction is much used as a spring tonic (“May-drink”). 383. Garcinia mangostana L. Mangosteen. Guttiferce. Naturalized in the western portions of Jamaica. Cultivated in southern Florida. This highly valued fruit tree could no doubt be cultivated in the southern portions of the State. Fruit very delicious, about the size and form of the orange. The resinous juice is purga- tive and yields a pigment. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 103 384. Gardenia grandiflora. Cape jasmine. Rubiacece. A native of China, cultivated in the State. The fruit yields a yellow dye with which the yellow robes of the mandarins are stained. (Bailey’s Cycl. Am. Hort., 626.) 385. Garrya elliptica Dough Silk tassel tree. Cornacece. Valued as a tonic in malarial fevers. (U. of C. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep., 1895-96, 1896-97.) 386. Garrya fremontii Torr. California fever bush. Cornacece. Used as a tonic and antiperiodic. Contains a bitter principle not unlike quinine in its action. (D. W. Ross, Am. Journ. Pharm., 1877.) 387. Gaultheria myrsinites Hook. Wintergreen. Ericaceae. Closely related to G. procumbens and no doubt has similar medicinal properties. The fruit is delicious, likewise the fruit of G. shallon Pursh. (Salal.) (U. S. Disp.) (Calif. Geol. Surv. Bot. 1:455.) 388. Gaura coccinea Pursh. Scarlet gaura. Onagracece. Said to be poisonous. Requires study. 389. Gelsemium sempervirens L. False jessamine. Logoniacece. A native of the eastern and southern United States, cultivated in California. Properties well known. Used in fevers, rheumatism, aches and pains. 390. Genista tinctoria L. Dyer’s weed. Leguminosce. Cultivated. The flowering tops are used in preparing a yellow dye. The tops and seeds are used medicinally, having purgative and emetic properties. 391. Gentiana calycosa Griesb. Gentian. Gentianucece. Properties similar to those of G. lutea L. Requires further study. 392. Geranium species. Cranesbill. Geraniacece. The native species require further study as regards astringent prop- erties. Rich in tannin. 393. Geranium dissectum L. Common geranium. Geraniacece. This species and G. carolinianum L. (Carolina geranium) are easy of cultivation. 394. Geranium maculatum L. Wild geranium. Geraniacece. A native of the eastern United States, requires rich, moist wood- land. Well known medicinally (U. S. Disp. and text-books on materia medica.) 395. Geranium viscossissimum. Wild geranium. Geraniacece. A forage plant. Requires further study. 104 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 396. Gilia aggregata Spreng. Polemoniacece. An infusion of the entire plant used as a drastic purgative. Also used as a tonic, in fevers, etc. Extensive popular use among Indians and settlers. Well worthy of careful study. May take the place of cascara bark. (See 398.) 397. Gilia cotuaefolia Steud. Polemoniacece. Odor like that of chamomile. There are numerous California species of Gilia which require careful study as to identity and as regards medicinal (laxative, tonic) properties. 398. Gilia squarrosa Hook. Skunkweed. Polemoniacece. Has a disagreeable odor from which it derives its name. G. virgata floccosa has properties like those of G. aggregata. Specimens sent to the writer were identified by Mr. Brandegee. (See 396.) 399. Gingko biloba L. Maiden hair tree. Coniferce. A handsome ornamental tree of Asia, cultivated in California. Easily propagated and free from disease. The seeds are eaten by the Chinese. The ripe fruit has a foul odor. 400. Ginseng. (See Panax.) 401. Glecoma hederacea L. Ground Ivy. Labiatce. A cosmopolitan introduced plant. Has mildly stimulating tonic, diuretic and aperient properties; useful in chonic pulmonary and vesical catarrh. Well-known popular medicinal plant. Figures extensively in plant lore. (U. S. Disp.) 402. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Licorice. Leguminosce. Cultivated with more or less success in various parts of the United States. To make the venture a financial success, it must be under- taken on a large scale. (See Chap. III.) (Licorice culture in England, Proc. A. Ph. A., 23:212, 1875.) 403. Glycyrrhiza lepidota glutinosa Pursh. Wild licorice. Legu- minosce. Native of California. Much like G. glabra and can no doubt be sub- stituted for the true licorice. Cultivation is said to increase the active constituents. 404. Gnaphalium decurrens Ives. Cudweed. Lady’s tobacco. Composite. Pillows made of the leaves are used to cure catarrhal affections. Said to have sedative properties. G. margaritaceum, Life everlasting, and other species of the State (G. decurrens calif ornicum D. C.) are said to have similar properties. A decoction is used in intestinal and pulmonary catarrh. Used externally in fomentations for bruises, etc. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 105 Perhaps have but little actual medicinal virtue. The famed Edelweiss of the Alps belongs to this genus (G. leontopodium) . 405. Gnaphalium ramosissimum Nutt. Cudweed. Composite e. Used by eclectics as an astringent and expectorant. The floss or down of the flower heads is used to stuff pillows. 406. Godetia (many species). Onagracece. Leaves mixed with lard, heated and strained, when cool, used as an application for chapped hands, etc. The seeds of Godetia albescens Lindl. are used as food. The leaf decoction highly valued as a wash for sore eyes. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: (No. 3) 370.) 407. Goodyera menziesii Lindl. Rattlesnake plantain. Orchid- acece. Found in woodlands of northern California, near the coast. Re- quires further study as to medicinal properties. 408. Gratiola ebracteata Benth. Scrophulariacece. Requires further study. Reported to have medicinal properties. 409. Grindelia cuneifolia Nutt. Gum plant. Compositce. Reported to have medicinal properties. (University of California correspondence.) No doubt has properties similar to those of G. squarrosa. Used by Indians and settlers in pulmonary troubles and as a wash for poison oak. 410. Grindelia g'lutinosa Dunal. Gum plant. Compositce. Properties like those of G. robusta and other species. (U. S. Disp.) 411. Grindelia hirsutula Hook. Gum plant. Compositce. An infusion of the herb lias been recommended against asthma by the Californians of Spanish descent. 412. Grindelia robusta Nutt. Gum plant. Grindelia. Compositce. A native, well known medicinally. Common. Could no doubt be grown profitably. Popular poison oak remedy. (U. S. Disp.) The old settlers used this plant (much praised in medicine to-day as a remedy for poison oak symptoms) for inflammatory rheumatism, giv- ing large quantities of decoction and applying poultices of the leaves. 413. Grindelia squarrosa Dun. Grindelia. Gum plant. Compositce. Well-known medicinal plant. Tonic expectorant; poison oak rem- edy. (U. S. Disp.) Properties and use as for G. robusta. Could no doubt be grown profitably. 414. Gramineae. Grasses. The grass family is well represented in California. Some species have been reported as poisonous, but in several instances, at least, the 106 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. reports were no doubt erroneous, the poisonous effects noted having been due to a fungus (ergot) found on the grass. The seeds of Avena fatua (wild oats), Danthonia californica (Cali- fornia wild oat grass),. Bromus marginatus (poverty grass), Elymus triticoides (squaw grass), Sitanion elymoides (squirrel tail), Hordeum murimum (squirrel tail), Hordeum vulgare (barley), Lolium temulen- tum (poison darnel), and Lolium perenne (poison rye grass), are made into a meal (pinole) by the Indians and eaten. 415. Gymnocladus canadensis Lam. (G. dioica). Kentucky coffee tree. Leguminosce. Cultivated as an ornamental tree. The seeds are said to be poi- sonous. They contain a saponifiable fixed oil, a little fat, resin and a glucocide. The seeds were once much used as a substitute for coffee, particularly about the time of the Revolutionary War. 416. Gymnogramma triangularis Kaulf. Golden back fern. Filices. Polypodiacece. A native of California. Contains a ceroptene. Used medicinally by the Indians and Spaniards. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7 : (No. 3) 303.) (W. C. Blasdale, Erythnea, 1 : 252-258, 1893.) 417. Hagenia abyssinica Gmelin. Cusso. Rosacece. Cultivated in Europe and would no doubt do well in California. A well-known medicinal plant, but no longer enjoying its former popu- larity as a vermifuge. (U. S. Disp. and Texts on Materia Medica.) 418. Hamamelis virginica L. Witchhazel. Ilamamelidacece. Well known medicinally. Introduced and cultivated as an orna- mental plant. A very popular Indian remedy for bruises, sores, ulcers, cuts and other injuries. The leaf infusion much used to rub on flea bites, as a mild counter-irritant and as a mild antiseptic for poison oak; also taken internally. (U. S. Disp.) 419. Hedera helix L. Ivy. Araliacece. This familiar ornamental plant, introduced from Europe, has been long known medicinally. The leaves are used in preparing a dress- ing for itch, tetter, ulcers, cutaneous eruptions, etc. (U. S. Disp.) (Chemistry of H. helix, Proc. A. Ph. A. 26: 244, 1878.) 420. Heleniastrum puberulum. Sneezeweed. Composite. Used as a snuff in catarrh. It is said to be tonic and antiscorbutic. 421. Helenium autumnale L. Sneezeweed. Composite. An eastern plant found as far west as Oregon and Washington. The active constituents which occur in the flower require further study. 422. Helenium montanum Nutt. Sneezeweed. Compositce. Said to be poisonous. Requires further study. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 107 423. Helenium puberulum D.C. Rosilla. Sneezeweed. Compositce. A highly valued popular medicinal plant. The flower heads and leaves boiled are said to be a “specific for a certain venereal disease,” presumably gonorrhea. Used in the treatment of catarrh, as a tonic and antiscorbutic. The flower heads are very acrid (pungent), but are occasionally eaten. The flowers are powdered and used as snuff for catarrh. Joseph Lauer, of Mountain View, Cal., bottled and sold large quantities of medicine made from the flower; used as a catarrh cure. (U. S. Disp.) (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7 : (No. 3) 394.) 424. Helianthemum scoparium Nutt. Rock rose. Cistacece. Properties presumably like those of H. canadense, which is used in the treatment of scrofula, scarlatina, prurigo, etc. (U. S. Disp.) 425. Helianthus petiolaris Nutt, and H. lenticularis. Compositce. Used medicinally by the Indians. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 27 : 178, 1879.) 426. Heliotropium curassavicum L. Heliotrope. Boraginacece. The mucilaginous juice of the leaves is dried, reduced to a. powder and applied to wounds and abrasions. 427. Hemizonia species. Tar-weeds. Compositce. Common, viscid, resinous herbs, related to the Madeias, which see. There are numerous native species. H. luzulaefolia D.C. is very com- mon throughout the western part of the State. The odor is heavy, recalling somewhat that of myrrh. 428. Heracleum lanatum Michx. Masterwort. Cow parsnip. Umbelliferce. Spaniards use a decoction of the herb and roots as a lotion for rheumatism. The basal part of the plant either dried, roasted or cooked, is eaten by Indians. Said to have carminative and stimu- lant properties, and has been used in epilepsy. Both roots and leaves act as an irritant when applied to the skin. Said to be poisonous. 429. Heteromeles arbutifolia R. Christmas berry. Toyon. Cali- fornia holly. Pyrac.ece. ( Bosacece .) Found in coast ranges from San Diego to Humboldt County. The fruit is eaten by the Indians. The bark and leaf decoction is used to relieve aches of various kinds. (Am. Journ. Pharm., April, 1882.) 430. Heuchera micrantha Dougl. Alum root. Saxifragacece. Astringent properties. Requires further study. 431. Heuchera pilosisissima F. and M. Alum root. Saxifragacece. Requires further study. (U. S. Disp.) 432. Hibiscus species. Mallows. Malvaceae. Many species are introduced and cultivated as ornamental plants. 108 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. Hibiscus flowers are used in preparing shoe polish. Rich in a mucil- aginous substance. 433. Hibiscus californicus Kell. Rosemallow. Malvacece. Has not yet been investigated chemically. 434. Hierochloa macrophylla Thurb. Holy grass. Large leaved vanilla grass. Gramineaz. Found in the coast redwood belt of California. Very fragrant, due to the presence of cumarin. Retains its fragrance for thirty years or more. Of possible great value to perfumers in the manufacture of sachet powders. Almost exterminated in Marin County. Attempts should be made to perpetuate it by cultivation. 435. Humulus lupulus L. Hop. Moracece. Hop culture is one of the most important industries in the State. The plant has escaped from cultivation in different parts of the State. Strobiles much used by the Indians in the form of poultices for swell- ings and bruises. 436. Hydrangea arborescens L. Hydrangea. Saxifragacem. Extensively cultivated as an ornamental plant. The root has long- been known medicinally. The Cherokee Indians and white settlers use a decoction for calculus troubles. (Am. Journ. Pharm., 122, 1887.) 437. Hydrastis canadensis L. Golden seal. Ranunculacece. This native of Canada and the eastexm United States is becoming- very rare, due to the herb gatherers. Whereas the rhizomes sold for about ten cents per pound some years ago, it is now worth over three dollars per pound. Cultural attempts are now being made in various parts of the United States. The efforts in California are thus far purely experimental. H. L. Scherb of Los Angeles has made attempts at its culture. Some plants received from him for the botanic garden in Golden Gate Park grew exceedingly well. Golden seal requires a moist, rich, shady soil. In fact, it is grown much like ginseng. The rhizomes with rootlets attached are dxxg up and dried. A most valu- able medicine for which there will be continued good demand. (See Farmers’ Bulletin No. 51, United States Department of Agriculture, for full particulars as to culture, etc.) 438. Hyoscyamus niger L. Henbane. Solanacece. An introduced plant which has escaped from cultivation. Well known medicinally. (See Chap. III.) (Henbane culture in England. Proc. A. Ph. A. 25: 136, 1877.) (W. A. Puckner, The Assay of Hyos- cyamus. Proc. A. Ph. A. 47 : 297-301, 1899.) 439. Hypericum species. St. John’s wort. Hypericacece. The native species require further study. Perhaps have properties PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 109 similar to those of H. perforatum L., which is used in hysteria, mania, dysentery, gravel, hemorrhages, worms, lung troubles, jaundice, etc. The following species occur in the State : H. multilum L., H. anagal- loides C. and S. (false pimpernel), and H. formosum scouleri Coulter. 440. Hypericum concinnum Bentli. St. John’s wort. Hypericacece. Extensive popular medicinal use. Carried as an amulet to ward off lightning and to reveal hidden or lost property. 441. Hyssopus officinalis L. Hyssop. Labiatce. A familiar European pot herb grown in gardens. The infusion is used in chronic catarrh, especially in the aged. 442. Iberis species. Crucifer on. European plants readily introduced. Used medicinally. 443. Iberis amara L. Bitter candy-tuft. Cruciferce. Introduced plant. Used by the ancients in rheumatism, gout and other diseases; useful in cardiac hypertrophy, asthma and in bron- chitis. 444. Ilex species. Holly, llicacece. The hollys are extensively cultivated as ornamental plants. Several species are used medicinally in gout, catarrh, pleurisy, smallpox, etc. (U. S. Disp.) 445. Ilex paraguayensis St. Hil. Mate. Paraguay tea. llicacece. Well known medicinally. Contains theine. (U. S. Disp. and Texts on Materia Medica.) (Proc. A. Ph. A. 26: 299, 1878.) 446. Illicium verum and I. religiosum Sieb. Star anise. Mag- noliacece. Well known medicinally. Used as a spice and condiment. (U. S. Disp.) 447. Imperatoria osthruthium L. Master-wort. Umbelliferce. A European plant readily cultivated. Formerly much used in a variety of ailments, and because of its reputed value was given the name of divinum remedium. It has only slight stimulating properties, and is no longer used by physicians. 448. Inula helenium L. Elecampane. Compositce. Well known medicinally. Readily cultivated. Tonic, diaphoretic, expectorant, emmenagogue. (U. S. Disp.) 449. Ipomceia species. Bindweeds. Convolvulacece. Numerous introduced species and varieties are cultivated in the State as ornamental climbing plants. The roots and leaves of some species are used medicinally, largely for the laxative properties. I. tuberosa furnishes scammony. The large tuberous roots of I. pandu- no PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. rata constitute the jalap of the market. The leaves of I. maritima are used in the form of fomentations applied to the enlarged joints of scrofulous patients. 450. Ipomceia hederacea Jacq. Convolvulacece. A native of Japan. Cultivated as an ornamental plant in California. Contains a resinous principle, perhaps identical with convolvulin. Has decided laxative properties. 451. Iris species. Iridacece. Many introduced species are found in the State, including I. ger- manica, I. versicolor, I. florentina. Readily cultivated. Requires rich, moist soil. The dried and peeled roots of I. florentina are known in the drug market as orris root ; they have a fragrant violet-like odor, much used in tooth powders, sachet powders, perfumes, etc. I. versicolor is much used in cattle powders. Has cathartic and diuretic properties. (U. S. Disp.) The following species are native and should be more carefully studied as to properties and constituents : I. longipetala, I. douglasi- ana, I. macrosiphon. 452. Iris macrosiphon Torr. Ground iris, wild damiana. Iridacece. Pound in the coast ranges from San Mateo to Trinity County. Held in great esteem by Spanish and Mexicans as an aphrodisiac and emmenagogue. 453. Isatis tinctoria L. Dyers weed. Cruciferce. Thrives in cultivation. Escaped from cultivation. Leaves yield an indigo dye and have been used medicinally in jaundice, scurvy and in other complaints. To obtain the dye, the leaves are ground, made into a paste, placed in heaps and allowed to ferment. (U. S. Disp.) 454. Isopyrum occidentale H. and A. Ranunculacece. Rare. Perhaps contains alkaloids like those of I. thalictroides. (Am. Journ. Pliarm. 44: 453.) 455. Jasminum species. Jasmine. Oleacece. Extensively cultivated as ornamental plants. The flowers yield the oil of jasmine, which is used only as a perfume. The oil is obtained by placing the flowers with alternating layers of cotton in the sun. The oil is taken up by the cotton and expressed. Distilling destroys the aroma. 456. Jateorhiza palmata Miers. Calumba. Columbo. Menisfer- macece. An introduced plant, native of Africa. Well known medicinally; readily cultivated. (U. S. Disp.) PH ARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. Ill 457. Juglans species. Walnuts. Juglandacece. Juglans californica Wats. Is found in the interior. Other species and varieties are extensively cultivated. (B. M. Long, California Walnut Industry. State Board of Horticulture, Sacramento, 1896.) Juglans cinerea L. (butternut) (white walnut) is well known medic- inally ; introduced ; extensively cultivated in the eastern states. Yields oil. Cathartic. Tonic. (U. S. Disp.) 458. Juglans nigra L. Black walnut. Juglandacece. Extensively cultivated in the eastern states. Leaves used in the treatment of diphtheria. The decoction is used as a spray or as a gargle or both. Green fruit pickled and preserved. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 30:246, 1882.) 459. Juniperus species and varieties. Junipers. Coniferce. The junipers require further systematic study. The fruit of some species is used as a diuretic. The balsam is used medicinally and in the manufacture of varnish. The twigs made into tea valued as a remedy in malaria. 460. Juniperus californica Carr, and variety utahensis Englm. California juniper. Coniferce. Fruit eaten by Indians, raw or made into a bread. 461. Juniperus communis L. Juniper. Coniferce. Well known medicinally. Stimulant, diuretic, tonic, etc. (U. S. Disp.) 462. Juniperus occidentalis Hook. Coniferce. A decoction of the leaves used internally as a remedy for malaria, kidney trouble, boils, headaches, and coughs. Indians use the pitch to fasten the feathers to arrow shafts and rubbed into the shafts to make them stronger and more elastic. Indians eat the berries. (U. S. Disp.) 463. Juniperus phcenicea L. Thus. Coniferce. Cultivated as an ornamental tree. Yielded the frankincense (oliba- num) of the ancients. Olibanum was at one time considered a valu- able stimulant, now rarely used internally. Inhaling the fumes of the burning incense is useful in bronchitis and other pulmonary troubles. Used as a substitute for balsam of tolu and in making unofficial plasters. 464. Kalmia angustifolia L. Narrow-leaf laurel. Ericacece. Properties and uses as for K. latifolia. 465. Kalmia latifolia L. Broad-leaf laurel. Ericacece. An eastern poisonous laurel, cultivated as an ornamental plant. Used by the negroes of North Carolina, in the form of a wash, for 112 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. sore eyes. The leaves contain gum, resin, tannic acid, arbutin and andromedotoxin (a highly poisonous crystalline substance). Has been used in diarrhea, syphilitic skin eruptions and in skin diseases. En- tire plant highly poisonous. Other species no doubt have similar properties. (G. W. Kennedy, Am. Journ. Pharm. 20: 264.) 466. Kelps. Seaweeds. Marine algae. Numerous species of seaweed are found along the entire Pacific coast. Some are used as food by Indians. They contain iodine, which could no doubt be extracted in commercial quantities. However, Hil- gard (Univ. Calif.) declares that the California species are low in iodine percentage. According to Setchell (Univ. Calif.), the Japa- nese and Chinese of California collect species of Nereocystis, Lami- naria and Porphyra for food, and even export them. Dr. Hus and others have likewise studied the economic value of the kelps of the Pacific coast. The marine algae of the Pacific and Atlantic coasts are quite dis- tinct. Those of the Pacific coast are noted for their size. (Proc. A. Pli. A. 27:132-134, 187P.) '3ul. Rhode Island Agr. Exp. Sta, 21: 1893.) 467. Laminaria bulbosa. Seaweed. Algce. Used in scrofulous affections and in other glandular enlargements. Used as food. (R. G. Whitlock, Calif. Coll. Pharm. Thesis, 1901.) 468. Lantana brasiliensis Link. Yerba sagrada. Verbenacece. A Brazilian verbena which contains an alkaloid (lantanine) resem- bling quinine, which is said to be actively antiperiodic. 469. Larrea mexicana Marie. Creosote bush. Zygopliyllacece. Contains a gum which resembles the East Indian shellac (Sonora gum) used for cementing earthenware, etc. It also contains a coloring substance resembling cochineal. The Mexicans use the leaf infusion as a cure for rheumatism. Said to produce marvelous results when applied to necrosed bones. Also used in the treatment of syphilis; in consumption. Indians (Kokapah) use the tea in smallpox. A leaf poultice is applied to the pitted skin. Also used as a horse remedy. A very highly valued Indian remedy. Well worthy of more careful investigation. (U. S. Geol. Surv., Wheeler’s Rep. Bot. 6:41.) (Calif. Geol. Surv. Bot. 1: 92.) (U. of C. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep., 1895-97.) (Proc. A. Ph. A. 26: 206, 1879.) 470. Laurus nobilis L. Sweet bay laurel. Lauracece. A common old-time ornamental tree. The leaf oil is a well-known and important article, used in making bay rum and for other purposes. (U. S. Disp. and texts on Materia Medica.) PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 113 471. Lavatera assurgentifolia Kell. Tree mallow. Malvaceae. Common in the State. The leaves are rich in mucilage. Eaten by horses and cattle. Demulcent. 472. Lavendula angustifolia Miller. Lavender. Labiatce. This European plant is extensively cultivated everywhere. The flowers and entire plant yield the oil of lavender, which is worth from one to three dollars per pound. The flowers bring about twenty cents per pound. The oil is much used as a flea eradicator and forms the base of many proprietary flea exterminators. The plant is easily cultivated in California. The grower should also manufacture the oil, which is obtained from the fresh flowers and entire fresh plants. Lavendula spica (spike lavender) is also culti- vated for the oil which it yields. Medicinally, the lavender oil and the pharmaceutical preparations made from the flowers are used in flatu- lence, as a carminative, in nervous headache, etc. 473. Lavendula vera D. C. Lavender. Labiatce. Extensively cultivated. The flowers are very fragrant and are much used in sachet powders, perfumes, etc. Lavender oil is official and forms the chief ingredient of many flea exterminators. Good quality of lavender oil has been produced in California. Could no doubt be grown profitably. 474. Lawsonia alba Lam. Henna. Lythraraicece. Cultivated in southern portions of the State. Used by the women of Egypt and of other countries to color the finger nails and by the men to dye the beard. The gum (labdanum) is collected by passing leathern rakes over the plants or is combed out of the wool of goats which have been among the plants. The plant is used in jaundice, leprosy, skin diseases, catarrh, dysentery, and in pulmonary affections. (U. S. Disp.) (Proc. A. Ph. H. 35 : 164, 1887.) 475. Lathyrus sativus L. White vetch. Leguminosce. A forage plant. Horses feeding on this plant for a long time become paralyzed in the hind extemities. The laryngeal muscles are also paralyzed. The seeds contain a poisonous alkaline volatile sub- stance, which is destroyed on heating, hence cakes made from the seed and thoroughly baked may be eaten and are said to be very nutritious. This plant requires further careful study as to physiological action and possible therapeutic value. 476. Lathyrus watsoni. Vetch. Leguminosce. An excellent fodder plant and sometimes cooked and eaten by the Indians, The older plants are boiled and applied as a poultice to swellings. (Cont-rib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: No. 3, 357.) 8 — BF 114 PIIARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 477. Ledum glandulosum Ait. Labrador tea. Ericacece. Leaves used for killing vermin on cattle and to drive fleas from country houses. Resembles L. palustre. 478. Ledum latifolium Ait. Labrador tea. Ericacece. North American marsh plant. Leaves aromatic and used as a tonic in lung troubles. Also used as a substitute for tea. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 26: 221, 1878.) 479. Ledum palustre L. Marsh tea. Ericacece. Everygreen marsh plant. The leaves are balsamic, aromatic, bitter, used in dysentery, leprosy, and scabies. They are said to be narcotic and diaphoretic. In Germany substituted for hops in beer. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 24:140, 1876.) 480. Citrus limonum L. Lemon. Rutacece. Several varieties extensively cultivated in the State. Well-known popular fruit. (See State Hort. Reports and special reports on lemon culture.) 481. Leonotis leonurus L. Common motherwort. Labiatce. A tropical labiate, extensively cultivated, said to have purgative and emmenagogue properties. (Pharm. Journ. Trans., May, 1885.) 482. Leucrocrinum montanum Nutt. Wild hyacinth. Lmacece. A poisonous plant which requires further study as to chemical con- stituents and possible therapeutic value. 483. Lewisia rediviva Pursh. Bitter root. Portulacacece. Indian food plant. The roots and the white inner bark contain a high percentage of starch. Indians store large quantities for winter use. The odor of the boiled root recalls that of tobacco, hence the appella- tion “tobacco root.” (Calif. Geol. Surv. Bot. 1:78.) (Am. Journ. Pharm., 1889.) 484. Libocedrus decurrens Torr. Incense cedar. Coniferce. Found in the California coast ranges. Resin very fragrant. The volatile oil, which is found in all parts of the tree, has the odor of incense. The leafy sprigs are used by the Indians in preparing their acorn meal, serving the purpose of a filter and to impart the incense flavor. A decoction of the leaves used in stomach troubles. 485. Lichens. Moss. Tree moss. Lichens. Lichens are abundant in the State, especially Usnea barbata (beard moss), which was at one time much used in hair tonics and as a remedy in brain disease. (See, also, Usnea, Evernia, Cetraria, and Rocella.) Species of Sticta are occasionally used in pulmonary complaints. Cetraria Islandica (Iceland moss) was formerly official. Lichens are PHARMACAL PLANTS AND TIIEIR CULTURE. 115 now rarely used medicinally excepting as popular remedies in certain countries. 486. Ligusticum sp.? Umbelliferce. Indians use a decoction of the roots of an unknown species of Ligusti- cum as a cough remedy. 487. Ligusticum filicinium Wats. “Osha.” Colorado cough root. Umbelliferce. The large aromatic roots are much used as an expectorant tonic. By some considered a specific in the treatment of coughs and colds. Well worthy of more careful study. (See, also, “Osha.”) (Am. Journ. Pharm., 1890 and 1891.) 488. Ligusticum levisticum L. Lovage. Umbelliferce. An extensively cultivated well-known European plant. A stimulant aromatic used as a carminative, diaphoretic and emmenagogue. 489. Ligustrum vulgare L. Oleacece. This and other species are extensively cultivated as ornamental plants. The leaves are astringent and bitter, used as a decoction in the treatment of sore throat, ulcerations of the mouth, etc. Berries are said to have purgative properties, and are used for dyeing pur- poses. 490. Lilium species. Liliacece. Extensively cultivated throughout the State as ornamental plants, including those of medicinal value. An ointment made from L. can- didum used in the treatment of dropsy. 491. Limodorum giganteum K. Swamp orchid. Orchidacece. Indians drink a decoction to combat manias and severe cases of illness. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7 : No. 3, 330.) 492. Linanthus ciliatus Greene. California gilia. Polemonacece. Indians use an infusion of this plant in the treatment of coughs and colds and it is said to be a blood purifier. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: No. 3, 381.) 493. Linum species. Flax. Linacece. Common flax (L. usitatissimum) is readily cultivated in the State. The following species are native: L. lewisii (blue flax), L. adeno- phyllum, L. spergulinum, L. micranthum, L. californicum, L. con- gestum, L. brewerii. 494. Linum catharticum L. Purging flax. Linacece. Much used as a mild cathartic; useful in muscular rheumatism; catarrhal affection, dropsy and diseases of the liver. 116 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 495. Linum usitatissimum L. Flax. Linacecc. Extensively cultivated as a fiber plant. Seeds rich in oil, which is used for technical and other purposes. Well-known plant. 496. Lippia citriodora Kunth. Lemon verbena. Sweet verbena. Verbenacece. This and other species of lemon verbena are extensively cultivated as ornamental plants. The deliciously lemon-scented leaves are used in sachet powders. They contain tannin, a volatile oil and an aromatic substance. The Mexican species (L. mexicana) is used as a demulcent and expectorant. 497. Liquidamber styraciflua L. Alligator tree. Sweet gum. II amam elidacece. Introduced plant. A gum (storax, styrax, liquidamber) exudes from this plant, which is used as an expectorant, diuretic, stimulant; externally in ointments and cerates. Used largely in the manufacture of gum and as a flavoring agent. (U. S. Disp.) (Proc. A. Ph. A. 23: 157-162, 1875.) 498. Liriodendron tulipifera L. Tulip tree. Magnoliacece. A large, handsome ornamental tree. The bark is used as a stimulat- ing tonic. It has diaphoretic qualities and is used in chronic rheu- matism and in dyspepsia. (U. S. Disp.) 499. Litmus. Lacmus. Lichenes. A dye obtained from several species of lichen, largely from Rocella tinctoria, found in lower California. 500. Lolium species. Darnels. Graminece. The nature of the poison of the loliums is not well understood. The poisonous principle temulin, found in the seed, is supposed to be due to the presence of a hyphal fungus. This same fungus is also found in other poisonous species of lolium, as L. arvense, L. linicola and L. italicum. (Pharm. Journ. Trans. 251, 1899.) 501 Lolium temulentum L. Darnel. Graminece. Naturalized from Europe. Common in California. Well-known poisonous plant without reputed medicinal value. The parched seeds are eaten by Indians. 502. Lonicera caprifolium L. Honeysuckle.. Caprifoliacece. Well-known ornamental plant found everywhere. The flowers are used in the manufacture of perfumery and a syrup prepared from them is used in asthma and in lung troubles. The juice is said to relieve bee stings. The fruit of all species of Lonicera is emetic and cathartic. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 117 503. Lonicera interrupta Benth. Honeysuckle. Caprifoliacece. A tea of the leaves is used as a wash for sore eyes. (Contrib. U. S. Nat, Herb. 7 : No. 3, 388.) 504. Lophantus urticifolius Benth. Labiates. The Indians use the dried and powdered leaves as a sachet powder. Very fragrant. 505. Lotus wrangelianus F. et M. Leguminosce. Reported to be poisonous. (U. of C. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep., p. 258, 1897-98.) 506. Luffa aegyptica. Vegetable sponge. Rag gourd. Luffa, Cucurbitacece. This plant is cultivated by Chinese gardeners in the Sacramento Val- ley bottom lands. The large cucumber-like fruits are beaten and washed to remove pulp and the fibrous framework is dried and sold as a substitute for bath sponge. Common in California drug stores. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 32:180, 1884.) (Proc. A. Ph. A. 25:200. 1877.) (Bailey, Cyel. Am. Hort., 948.) (Cornell Exp. Sta, Bui., 67.) The fruit of L. echinata contains an acrid poison similar to that of colocynth. Much used medicinally in the Orient, 507. Lupinus species. Lupines. Leguminosce. The lupines are present in great variety and abundance. They are rather showy plants, as a rule quite free from plant diseases. Some species are poisonous. 508. Lupinus cyaneus. Leguminosce. Reported to be poisonous to cattle. 509. Lupinus leucophyllus Dougl. Leguminosce . Poisonous. The poisonous principle has not yet been isolated. 510. Lupinus luteolus Kell. Butter weed. Leguminosce. Poisonous. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7 : No. 3, 358.) 511. Lupinus sericeus Pursli. Leguminosce. Poisonous. Requires study as to the nature of the poisonous prin- ciple. 512. Lycium species. Solanacece. Some species are cultivated as ornamental plants and have been used medicinally, especially L. barbarum L. (IT. S. D.) 513. Lycium andersonii Gray. Solanacece. The berries are eaten by the Indians. Requires further study as to reputed medicinal properties. 118 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 514. Lycoperdon species. Puffballs. Ly coper dacece. (Fungi.) Some unripe species are edible. The ripe spores puffed into the nos- trils are said to check nose bleed. Spores are also dusted on sores and ulcers to dry them up. Puffballs figure in Indian lore. Ghosts are said to paint their faces with the dust (spores). (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: No. 3, 300.) 515. Lycopodium species. Club moss. Lycopodiacece. Many species are cultivated as ornamental conservatory plants. L. clavatum yields the lycopodium powder (spores). The club mosses are reputed to have diuretic properties. Have been used in rheuma- tism, diseases of the lungs and kidneys. Now rarely used medicinally. The spores are much used as a dusting powder and in the making of pills, etc., to make the flashlight in photography, etc. 516. Lycopus lucidum americanum Gray. Water hoarhound. Labiatce. Supposed to have properties similar to those of L. virginicus L. and L. europaeus L. U. S. D.) 517. Lygodesmia juncea Don. Conipositce. A poisonous plant which requires further study. 518. Lyonia (Pieris) mariana. Stager bush. Ericacece. A poisonous plant. The related plant Leucothoe catesbaei Gray. Branch ivy, Ericaceae, is also poisonous. 519. Lysichiton chamchatcensis Shott. Skunk cabbage. Aracece. In bogs of Northern California. The pungent root is made into a salve for ringworm, swellings and inflammatory rheumatism. The root is said to form the chief ingredient of the patent medicine ‘ ‘ Skookim. ’ ’ Bears dig up the roots and eat them. 520. Maclura aurantiaca Nutt. Hedge. Osage orange. Moracece. Cultivated as a hedge plant in the central states. Very hard wood, which takes a high polish. The large yellow fruits resemble the orange in appearance, though unfit for food. The root bark yields a yellow dye. (Am. Journ. Pharm. 46:257.) 521. Madia species. Tar weeds. Conipositce. Tar weeds are exceedingly abundant in the State, constituting very annoying farm and roadside weeds. The tar weed odor permeates the country atmosphere in the fall of the year. A cooking oil has been obtained from the seeds of M. dissitiflora. The seeds of M. densiflora are agreeably aromatic. The old Spanish settlers used M. elegans medicinally. The madias are said to be useful in urinary troubles. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: No. 3, 395.) PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 119 522. Magnolia species. Magnoliacece. Handsome trees, extensively cultivated, especially M. grandiflora, with its large white blossoms. The bark and fruit of all species are reputed to have medicinal properties. The root bark is most generally employed, useful in malaria and rheumatism. A popular medicine is made by macerating the fruit or bark in brandy, said to be very effi- cacious in chronic rheumatism. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 35: 147, 1887.) 523. Malacothrix coulteri Gray. Composite. Said to be poisonous. (University of California Coll. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep., p. 258, 1897-98.) 524. Malpighia glabra L. Barbadoes cherry. Nance bark. Mal- pighiacece. A native of Mexico, which could no doubt be grown in the southern parts of the State. The Mexicans use the bark in tanning; said to con- tain twenty-six per cent of tannin. (Am. Journ. Pharm. 16: 239.) 525. Malus rivularis Roem. Oregon crabapple. Rosacece. The sour fruits used in fevers, in wine making, etc. 526. Malva species. Mallows. Malvaceae. Very abundant in the State. Many introduced species cultivated as ornamental plants, arbor plants, etc. They possess demulcent prop- erties. 527. Malva parviflora L. Mallow. Malvaceae. Has laxative properties ; useful in indigestion. Eaten in India. Seeds used as a demulcent in coughs and colds and in urinary troubles. 528. Malvastrum coccineum Gray. Red false mallow. Malvaceae. A forage plant. Reported to be poisonous. 529. Mandragora officinarum L. Mandrake. Solanacece. A European herb famed in history and folk lore. Was formerly credited with all manner of supernatural powers and marvelous cura- tive properties. Now no longer used medicinally. This plant must not be confused with Podophyllum pelatum, May apple, which is also known as mandrake. (Peters’ History of Pharmacy and Medicine.) 530. Mangifera indica L. Mango. Aurantiacece. A tropical fruit tree, cultivated in portions of southern California and in Florida. The fruit is delicious. All parts of the tree have a sweet, resinous fragrance. (U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Pomol. Bui. 1.) (Bailey Cycl. Am. Ilort., 978.) (Proc. A. Ph. A. 25: 218, 1877.) 531. Manihot utilissima Pohl and M. aipi Plan. Cassavas. Eu- phorbiacece. These well-known starch yielding plants thrive well in the southern 120 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. part of the State. The large tuberous roots are rich in starch (cassava starch). (U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bui. No. 167, 1903.) 532. Maranta species. Maranta. Arrowroot. Scitaminece. Common in conservatories. Also cultivated in the open in southern California. Yields starch (maranta starch.) 533. Marrubium vulgare L. Hoarhound. Labiatce. A very common weed along roadsides and in neglected dry fields. A well-known medicinal plant, which can be grown without any diffi- culty whatever. Whites as well as Indians use a leaf decoction for coughs and colds and to check diarrhoea. Used in cough drops and confections. 534. Matricaria chamomilla L. Chamomile. Composite e. An old-time popular medicinal pot herb, easy of cultivation, and enjoying wide popular use as a tonic and diaphoretic, in the form of a tea. Especially popular among the Germans. 535. Matricaria discoidea D. C. Manzanilla. Chamomile. La- biatce. A fragrant native herb, common along walks and roadsides. A very popular domestic remedy, used as a tonic diaphoretic and to check diar- rhoea ; given in colic, especially in stomach and bowel complaints of chil- dren. Could be grown profitably and would no doubt displace the foreign species. (Calif. Geol. Surv. Bot. 1: 401) (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: No. 3, 395.) 536. Megarrhiza. (See Micrampelis. ) 537. Melia azedarach L. Pride of India. Meliacece. A handsome tree from Persia and India, extensively cultivated in parks, etc., as an ornamental plant. The seeds are rich in oil. The bark decoction is said to have cathartic, emetic and narcotic properties. The bark is used as an anthelmintic, particularly in the southern states. 538. Melilotus alba Lam. White sweet clover. Papilionacece. A European plant which has become disseminated throughout the United States with marvelous rapidity. The white flowers are fragrant and are used to scent tobacco, cheese, clothing, etc., in sachet powders, to keep away moths, etc. It is used medicinally. 539. Melilotus officinalis L. Yellow sweet clover. Papilionacece. Well known medicinally. Contains cumarin. Found everywhere, though less abundant than M. alba. 540. Melissa officinalis L. Balm. Labiatce. Well-known medicinal herb found almost everywhere; naturalized in places. Readily cultivated. A popular honey bee plant. PLIARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 121 541. Mentha species. Mints. Labiatce. The mints are readily cultivated and are common as garden herbs They yield oil and are well known medicinally. Mint culture is profit- able if properly conducted on a large scale. Cultivated in various states, as Wisconsin, Michigan, Pennsylvania, some of the southern states and elsewhere. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 30: 171, 1882.) 542. Mentha piperita L. Peppermint. Labitce. This and other species and varieties of peppermint can readily be cultivated in the State, especially in the coast regions. (,See Chap. III.) Well known medicinally. Yields oil and menthol, which have a good market demand. (Schimmel & Co.’s Report for Oct., 1897.) (U. S. D. and Materia Medicas.) Mentha pulegium L. (European Pennyroyal.) Can readily be cul- tivated. The oil (oil of Poley) contains pulegine and is said to be extensively used to produce abortion, although such action is denied by some authorities. No longer used by physicians. M. spicata L. is the spearmint, which is much used as a condiment, etc. Well known medicinally. (U. S. D. and Materia Medicas.) 543. Mentzelia affinis Green. Loasaccce. Said to be poisonous to sheep, though death of animals is ascribed to the formation of “clover hair balls” in the intestines and not to any poisonous principle that might be present. Requires further study. 544. Mentzelia laevicaulis T. and G. Blazing star. Loasa. Loa- sacece. A leaf decoction used in colic and as a wash in skin diseases. (Con- trib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: No. 3, 369.) 545. Menyanthes trifoliata L. Buckbean. March trefoil. Gen- tianacece. A native of the boggy lands of California, said to have become exter- minated in certain areas. Has enjoyed a wide, popular, medicinal use in intermittent fevers, scrofula, scurvy, rheumatism, jaundice, dropsy, etc. Much used as a cathartic. In large doses it causes vomiting. (U. S. D.) 546. Mesembryanthemum acinaciforme. Ficoidece. Used medicinally by Indians. Fruit is eaten. 547. Mesembryanthemum secquilaterale Howarth. Fig marigold. Sea fig. Faculty onion. Ficoidece. Common along the dunes and cliffs near the sea. Cultivated as an ornamental and lawn plant, in parks, etc. Flowers are fragrant Fruit is eaten by children and others. The taste recalls salted apples. Used medicinally by Indians and Spaniards. Has demulcent and diuretic properties. 122 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 548. Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. Ice plant. Fig mari- gold. Diamond fig. Ficoidece. A native of southern Europe, much used as a lawn and border plant. The plant is very rich in potassium and sodium salts. The expressed juice is used medicinally; has demulcent and diuretic properties. 549. Mezereum. (Daphne mezereum L.) Mezereon. Thymelacece. Well-known medicinal shrub, of which the bark is used. (U. S. D. and Materia Medicas.) (See Daphne.) 550. Micromria chamissonis Greene. Yerba buena. Labiatce. A plant well known to Californians. The old name for San Fran- cisco was Yerba Buena, in honor of this small, fragrant herb. Used as a tea to cure colic and to purify the blood. A mint-like plant having the properties of the mints. In great re- pute among Indians and the early missionaries, as a beverage in fevers and as a tonic. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 31, 117, 1883.) 551. Mimulus guttatus D.C. Scroplmlariacece. Indians are said to use this plant as a source of salt. It is also eaten. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: (No. 3,) 387. 552. Mimulus langsdorffii Donn. Monkey Flower. Scrophulari- acece. Decoction of roots used for diarrhoea and dysentery 553. Mimulus moschatus Dougl. Musk plant. Scliropliulariacece. Cultivated on account of the musk-scented foliage. Reputed to be useful in certain nervous disorders. 554. Mimusops species. Zapote gum. Gum chicle. Sapotacece. Several species are cultivated in the southern part of the State. The seeds of most species yield oil. Some yield gum used in the manufac- ture of chewing gum. M. elengi and M. hexandra are used medicin- ally. The bark has astingent, tonic and sialagogue properties. In England the gum is said to be used as a substitute for gutta percha. 555. Momordica balsamina L. Balsam apple. Cucurbitacece. A climbing plant cultivated for its fruit, which is eaten by some and which has laxative properties. An infusion of the fruit, deprived of the seed, is used as a liniment for chapped hands, burns, piles, and the mashed fruit is used as a poultice. The extract is used in dropsy. Plant is poisonous. 556. Monarda punctata L. Horsemint. Labiatece. Well-known cultivated herb. It is somewhat bitter and pungent, rich in volatile oil, also yields a camphor. It is stimulant and carmina- tive, used as a popular remedy in flatulent colic and in sick headache. M. fistulosa is said to be a very active diaphoretic, useful in fevers. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 123 557. Monardella lanceolata Gray. Mountain mint. Pennyroyal. Labiatce. A common herb. Popular remedy, used by the Spaniards to cure various ailments, to relieve colic, as a diaphoretic, etc. 558. Monardella sheltoni Torr. Labiatce,. A fragrant herb used as a tea and to relieve colic and to purify the blood. Other species occur in the State which no doubt have similar properties. 559. Monolopia major D. C. Compositce. Reported to be poisonous. Requires further study. (U. of C. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep. p. 258, 1897-98.) 560. Morus species. Mulberry. Moracece. Various species and varieties introduced into the State. M. rubra and M. alba are the best known. Fruits highly relished, mildly laxa- tive and cooling; useful in fevers. 561. Mucuna pruriens D. C. Cowage. Cowhage. Leguminosce. A climbing plant, sometimes cultivated. The fruit spicules used as a worm remedy (round worms). An effective but disagreeable remedy, which is no longer used by physicians. Plant not reported from the State. 562. Musa sapientium L. Banana. Musacece. The fruit of this plant is familiarly known. The bananas thrive in the State, but are apparently not grown on a large commercial scale. The fruit pulp is very nutritious, eaten raw or fried in butter. Fruits should be well ripened before eating. 563. Mushrooms or Toadstools. Fungi. Well-known plants. Some are “edible” and some are poisonous. A wise precaution is not to eat any of them, thus avoiding the danger of poisoning. They have no food value. So frequent are fatal eases of poisoning that it was made desirable to organize “mycological clubs” throughout the United States as a means of mutual safeguarding against poisoning. All this trouble can be avoided by not eating mushrooms. The mushroom taste in the human animal is to be compared to the taste acquired by some cattle for noxious weeds. There is a voluminous literature on mushroom culture. 56U Myosurus alopecuroides Greene. Antioch mouse tail. Ea- mcnculacece. Found in low grounds. Requires further study as to medicinal prop- erties. 565. Myosurus minimus L. Mouse tail. Eanunculacece. Perhaps identical with above species. 124 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 566. Myrica californica Cham. California wax berry. Myricacece. Properties similar to M. cerifera L., which is well-known medicinally (U. S. D.) The Japanese species (M. rubra) is extensively cultivated in the State. They require further study. 567. Myrtus communus L. Myrtle. Myrtacece. This European tree is extensively cultivated. The leaves contain myrtol, an active antiseptic ; said to act as a nerve sedative and stimu- lant to mucus membranes. Used in bronchitis, cystitis and pyelitis. 568. Narcissus pseudo-narcissus L. Daffodil. Amaryllidacece. Common garden plant. The bulb and flowers have been used medic- inally. Used as an anti-spasmodic, sialagogue, diaphoretic, and in large doses as an emetic. Wild growing plants more active than the cultivated. 569. Nardia. Nard. Spikenard. Araliacece. Garden plants. Properties like those of valerian. Not now used medicinally. Botanical origin uncertain. By some relegated to vale- rian a. 570. Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Water cress. Cruciferce. Growing wild and cultivated for table use. Said to be useful in scorbutic affections and in constipation. Other species are similarly used. 571. Nepenthes and Sarrancenia species. Pitcher plants. Sarra- ceniacece. The pitcher contains a very active proteolytic enzyme. The roots of same species are used as a diuretic, laxative and tonic. (Pharm. Journ. Trans, p. 483, 1899.) 572. Nepeta species. Catnip. Labiatce. Several species are introduced. N. cataria is common. Anti-spas- modic and emmenagogue ; tonic, excitant. Contain tannin and volatile oil. 573. Nerium odorum L. Oleander. Apocynacece. Cultivated ornamental shrub. Used since time immemorial to de- stroy rats. Cases of poisoning by it have been reported. Two alkaloids have been isolated. Used as a heart tonic in valvular lesion. It also has diuretic and cathartic properties. (U. S. D.) 574. Nicotiana species. Tobacco. Solanacece. The native species have been used by Indians as a stimulant, smoked and chewed. Some tribes have even cultivated the more desirable spe- cies. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 125 575. Nicotiana attenuata Tor. Tobacco. Solanacece. Formerly used as smoking tobacco by the Indians of Modoc County, California. 576. Nicotiana bigelovii Wats. Indian tobacco. Solanacece. Used as snuff, also mixed with manzanita leaves and smoked. 577. Nicotiana glauca Graham. Tobacco tree. Solanacece. Said to have caused the fatal poisoning of cattle that eat it, only how- ever, when other food was scant. The plant is introduced from Mexico and is spreading rapidly in California, along ditches and banks, and in low, moist places. Has been mistakenly eaten for wild cabbage with fatal results (IT. M. Hall). Requires further study. 578. Nicotiana tabacum L. Tobacco. Solanacece. This species with its varieties is cultivated on a large scale. Various other species and varieties are found in experimental gardens and else- where. N. biglovii, N. attenuata and N. glauca occur spontaneously. 579. Nigella damascena. Banunculacece. Used medicinally. Has been studied chemically. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 30:211-212, 1882.) 580. Nigella sativa L. Nutmeg flower. Banunculacece. Cultivated. Seeds have a strong aromatic odor, recalling nutmegs. Used as a stimulant, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, and is said to increase the secretion of milk. Used as a corrigent, as a condiment and as an adjuvant with purgatives and tonics. 581. Nostoc pruniforme. Algce. It is stated that some nostocs have aseptic, if not antiseptic proper- ties. It is recorded that specimens kept in water in a bottle remained in good condition for ten years. This matter requires further investi- gation. 582. Nuphar advena Soland. Yellow pond lily. Nymphceacece. Found in ponds and sloughs of California. Contains tannic acid. Requires further study. 583. Nuphar luteum Sebth. Water lily. Nymphceacece. Readily cultivated. Rich in tannic acid. (Am. Jour. Pharm. 96; 1883.) 584. Nuphar polysepalum Eng. Indian pond lily. Nymphceacece.. Quite common. The seeds are used as food by the Klamath Indians. Contains tannic acid. 585. Nymphaea odorata Woodv. Sweet scented water lily. Nym- phceacece. Readily cultivated. Rich in tannic and gallic acid. Used medicinally 126 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. by the ancients ; reported to be aphrodisiac. Roots of N. alba were also esteemed as an aphrodisiac by the ancients. Numerous varieties found in cultivation. (Am. Jour. Pharm. 96: 1883.) 586. Ocium basilicum L. Sweet basil. Labiatce. A native of India and Persia, cultivated in gardens. The entire plant is highly aromatic. Has the general properties of aromatic plants. Seeds used in India in the treatment of gonorrhoea. 587. CEnanthe californica Wats. Fool’s parsnip. Umbelliferce. Reported to be poisonous. Recpiires further study as to poisonous constituents. 588. CEnothera biennis L. Evening primrose. Onagvacece. Cultivated. Common throughout the United States. Before the in- troduction of the potato the fleshy roots of this plant were eaten. Medic- inally used in whooping cough, spasmodic asthma; as an ointment in eruptive skin diseases of children and as an application to ulcers. 589. CEnothera brevipes Gray. Evening primrose. Onagvacece. This and other species of evening primrose are eaten by Indians as a salad or stewed. Also used medicinally. 589. Olea europaea L. and varieties. Olive. Oleacece. Olives are extensively cultivated in California. There is a volumin- ous literature on the oil, fruit, cultivation, commerce, use, etc., of the olive. 591. Opuntia species. Prickly pears. Indian figs. Cactacece. The opuntias form a very important vegetation for the Indians of southern California. The young succulent shoots, the fruit, seeds and buds are eaten, cooked or steamed. The plants contain much stored water, which the thirsty traveler often uses. According to Mr. Ver- million (verbal report), railroad employees, civil engineers, and others employed in the desert regions, use the cut opuntia plants to purify drinking water. A number of pieces are placed in a pail of water, the dirt and clay particles cling to the abundant mucilage that exudes, and are carried to the bottom of the vessel. Other cacti are similarly used. Barrows states that there are over fifty species of cacti in the United States, a majority of which are found in California. Mr. Bur- bank and others have devoted much time and energy toward develop- ing edible spineless varieties. (Bailey Cycl. Am. ITort. 1143-1152.) 592. Opuntia basilaris Englm. Cactacece. The fruits are eaten after being specially prepared. This is said to be the most valuable of the opuntias. 593. Opuntia bernardina Englm. Cactacece. Native of southern California. Properties and uses like other species. PIIARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 127 594. Opuntia engelmanni Solm. Prickly pear. Cactacece. Fruit is sweet. Large quantities are collected, dried and preserved for food by the Indians. 595. Opuntia tuna Mill. Prickly pear. Cactacece. Said to have the properties of Cactus grandiflorus. Cultivated for the rearing of the cochineal insect (Parsons). 596. Opuntia vulgaris Mill. Cactacece. Has the properties of the above species. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 32: 179- 180, 1884.) 597. Orchis species. Salep. Orchidacece. The dried tubers of various species of orchis are known as Salep. They are mucilaginous, and highly nutritive. In mediaeval times much used as an aphrodisiac, although having no such properties. Well- known medicinally in various countries. 598. Orobanche (Aphyllon) species. Beech drops. Cancer roots. Orobanchacece. Parasitic plants of which there are many species in California. O. uniflora L. and other species are used in intestinal troubles. For- merly much used as an application to ulcers, especially to cancerous growths, hence the name “cancer root.” “Martin’s Cancer Powder” was made of a mixture of cancer root and white oxide of arsenic. 599. Orobanche (Aphyllon) californica C. and S. Cancer root. Orobanchacece. Said to be rich in tannic acid. The rootstock of 0. ludovicianum Gray, though bitter, is eaten by Indians (U. of C. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep., 1897-1898, page 260.) (Cal. Geol. Surv. Bot. 1:585.) 600. Origanum vulgare L. Sweet marjoram. Labiatce. Well known and extensively cultivated pot-herb used as a spice. At one time much used medicinally, as a diaphoretic and emmenagogue, and externally as a poultice. Yields the well-known oil of origanum. Used as a condiment. 601. Orophaca (Astragalus) caespitosa Britt. Low milk vetch. Leguminosce. This plant is reported to be poisonous to cattle. The poisonous con- stituents require further study. 602. Oryzopsis membranacea. Common sand grass. Graminece. The seeds are used as food, as a substitute for rice. 603. “Osha.” This name is applied to a root derived from an unknown plant, per- haps a species of peucedanum. An analysis of the root was made by Dr. Hermann Haupt, who discovered an acid closely similar to angelic 128 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. acid. According to others ‘ ‘ Osha ’ ’ is the root of a Mexican umbellif er, which is said to contain oshaic acid. Requires further study as to medicinal value. (Am. Journ. Pliarm. 1867, 1868, 1873.) 601. Osmorrhiza brachypoda Torr. Sweet cicely. Umbellif eroe. The roots are highly aromatic. A root decoction is much used as a cough medicine. Seeds should be examined for oil of anise. 605. Osmorrhiza longistylis T. and G. Umbellif 'eras. This plant is introduced from Canada. The seeds contain oil of anise. (U. S. D.) 606. Oxalis species. Sorrel. Geraniacece. Rich in acid potassium oxalate, and may he used as an acid refrig- erant. like 0. asetosella. 607. Oxalis acetosella L. Wood sorrel. Geraniacece. The inspissated juice used as a cautery to remove cancerous growths of the lips. (Am. Journ. Pharm., page 252, 1882.) 608. Oxalis corniculata L. Tellow sorrel. Geraniacece. This plant has the property of the sorrels. 609. Oxalis oregana Nutt. Redwood sorrel. Geraniacece. Requires further study as to the nature of the acid. 610. Oxytropis (Astragalus) lamberti Pursh. Loco weed. Legu- minosce. A poisonous plant producing the symptoms of the loco weeds proper. (U. S. Geog. Surv., Wheeler’s Rep. Bot. 6:43.) 611. Paeonia brownii Dougl. Peony. Ranunculacece. A rare herb. The Spanish Californians considered the roots, which are eaten raw, an excellent remedy for dyspepsia. The powdered roots are made into a decoction and given for colds, sore throat, etc. A root decoction is also used as a horse medicine. The constituents and thera- peutic properties require further study. Perhaps similar to P. offici- nalis. (U. S. D.) 612. Paeonia californica Nutt. Peony. Ranunculacece. The roots of this plant are said to be a tonic, antispasmodic, useful in nervous disorders. Also used in indigestion. (King’s Dispensatory.) 613. Paeonia officinalis L. Peony. Ranunculacece. A common garden herb, well known medicinally. The roots have a strong, peculiar odor, and a nauseous, bitter taste, said to be useful as an antispasmodic. The seeds are purgative and antispasmodic. 614. Palmae. Palms. Numerous species of palms thrive well in the State. The palms and yuccas give the California flora a tropical appearance, not in accord PIIARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 129 with the prevailing coolness of the atmosphere. The date palm thrives as far north as San Francisco, but bears edible, well-ripened fruit only in the southern part of the State. 615. Panax (Aralia) quinquefolium D. and C. Ginseng. Ameri- can ginseng. Araliacece. Native of North America closely related to the Chinese ginseng (Aralia ginseng). Medicinally of very little value, but very valuable commercially. Used largely by the Chinese, who look upon it as a uni- versal panacea. The wild growing ginseng is becoming scarce. Very extensively cultivated in different parts of the United States. There is a plantation at Sunnyvale, Santa Clara, and in other parts of Cali- fornia. The plant requires shade (either natural or artificial) and a moist, rich soil. From time of seeding it takes about four or five yeai’s before root gathering is begun. Clean, large, unbroken, forked roots bring a good price. Specimens resembling the human form bring high prices. Market value variable, ranging from seventy-five cents to fourteen dol- lars per pound. California market good. Culture requires care. 616. Papaver somniferum L. Poppy. Papaveracece. Cultivated everywhere, largely as an ornamental plant. In England also for the fruits and seeds. Experiments should be made to deter- mine whether or not it is possible to secure the opium in some cheap and simple way. Until this is accomplished it will be impossible to cultivate the poppy profitably for the yield of opium, in the United States or any other civilized country. The quality of opium from the poppy grown in California, has proven first-class. (J. H. Flint, American Journal of Pharmacy, 46: 105, 1874.) The same may be said of opium from other States of the Union. (Am. Journ. Pharm., 286, 1894; 435, 1896). 617. Parthenium argentatum Gray. Mexican rubber plant. Com- pos itce. A shrubby plant, native of Mexico, which is not reported from the State, but which would undoubtedly thrive on the dry hills of south- ern California. This plant contains a resin used medicinally by the Mexicans. The plant has come into prominence through the fact that it contains a high percentage of rubber (thirty to fifty per cent). A syndicate has secured possession of all plants about Torreon, Mexico, where it is most abundant. The rubber obtained from this plant is of fair quality, and is said to be exported very largely. Whether this plant can he cultivated readily is a matter which must be determined experimentally. Efforts to secure seed and living plants have thus far failed. 9 — BF 130 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 618. Parthenium integrifolium L. Prairie dock. Composite. An infusion of this plant is used as a substitute for quinine in the treatment of fever and ague. It is used by the Indians as well as set- tlers. (Am. Journ. Pharm., pp. 494-495, 1882.) 619. Paullinia pinnata L. “Timbo. ” Sapindacece. This plant is used medicinally in certain portions of the United States. It enjoys a considerable reputation and has received much atten- tion on the part of students of materia medica. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 25: 189, 1877.) 620. Pectis augustifolia Torr. Composite. A small composite with intensely fragrant flowers, odor of essence of lemon. This and one other species appears to have a special action on the salivary glands. (U. S. Geog. Surv. Wheeler’s Rep. Bot. 3: 608, and 6:46.) 621. Pectis papposa H. and G. Composite e. Lemon odor like that of the preceding species. May prove of great value as a source of desirable extract for the use of the confectioner (U. S. Geog. Surv. Wheeler’s Rep. Bot. 6:46.) 622. Pelargonium odoratissimum Ait. Rose geranium. Nutmeg geranium. Geraniacece. Extensively cultivated as a fragrant ornamental plant. The oil ob- tained from the leaves is much used as an adulterant of attar of rose, and is also used in the manufacture of perfumery. Three species are said to contain the fragrant oil, P. roseum, P. capitatum and the above. 623. Perezia microcaphala Gray. Compositce. A root decoction is used in the treatment of asthma, as a throat wash, as a laxative, etc. The plant is found along the coast, from Monterey to San Diego. 624. Perezia nana Gray. Compositce,. This and other species enjoy a use similar to the above. fProc. A. Ph. A. 32:149-155, 1884.) 625. Persea gratissima Gaertner. Alligator pear. Lauracece. A native of tropical America which thrives well in the southern por- tions of the State. The pulp of this fruit is highly prized as an ingre- dient of salad dressings. Mexicans used the seed as an anthelmintic, and in the form of a liniment in the treatment of neuralgia. 626. Persica vulgaris Miller. Peach. Rosacece. A well-known fruit tree extensively cultivated throughout the State. The leaves are laxative and sedative, due to the hydrocyanic acid pres- ent, Have been used in the treatment of whooping cough and in blad- der irritation. Flowers are laxative and are used as a vermicide. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 131 Poisonous in large doses. Peach oil made from the seeds is used as an adulterant of oil of sweet almonds. The expressed fruit juice yields peach brandy. 627. Petasites palmata Gray. Coltsfoot. Composite. The Indians use this plant in the treatment of grippe, of consump- tion, as an application for sores, etc. The ash is rich in salt. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: (No. III.) 395.) 628. Peucephyllum schottii Gray. Composite. Said to be useful in the treatment of kidney and bladder trouble. Reported by IT. IT. Barton of Bishop, Cal. 629. Peucedanum species. Umbelliferce. The roots of nearly all species are used as food by Indians. Some have medicinal properties. (See “Osha. ”) They contain peuceda- mine. (Am. Journ. Pharm., 1890.) 630. Peucedanum grayii C. and R. Umbelliferce. This plant is reported to be poisonous. The poisonous principle requires further investigation. 631. Peucedanum montanum. Umbelliferce. This is reported to be poisonous. 632. Peucedanum palustre Moench. Marsh parsley. Umbelliferce. A European marsh plant, introduced into the State and elsewhere. The dried roots are aromatic and acridly pungent. In Russia this plant is used in the treatment of epilepsy. 633. Peucedanum platycarpum. Umbelliferce. Reported to be poisonous. Requires further study. 634. Peucedanum scopularum Gray. Indian cabbage. Unbelliferce. Indians eat the upper portions of the succulent stems, either raw or cooked. Said to have some medicinal properties. 635. Peucedanum utriculatum. Nutt. Fir clover. Umbelliferce.. The Indians eat the young leaves raw. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7 : (No. Ill), 373.) 636. Peumus boldus Molina. Boldo. Monimiacece. Grown experimentally in different parts of the State. A native of the Chilean Andes. Well known medicinally; has anaesthetic properties. 637. Phacelia grandiflora Gray. Hydrophyllacece. Reported to be poisonous for some people. Requires further study. 638. Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed canary grass. Graminece. By some reported to be poisonous, although this is denied by others. It is declared that the symptoms of poisoning are due to the presence of ergot, which is found upon it. 132 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 639. Phoradendron species. Mistletoe. Loranthacece. The mistletoes occur abundantly on the junipers. The dried plant, powdered and mixed with a little flour, is sprinkled on the saddle sores of horses. 640. Phoradendron flavescens Nutt. Mistletoe. Loranthacece. Found upon oaks and the buckeye. The Indians state that the plants found upon the buckeye are very useful medicinally. Used in the treatment of toothache, for which purpose the leaves are chewed. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: (III), 344.) (Bull. Tor. Bot. Club 31: 435-443, 1904.) 641. Physalis alkekengi L. Alkekengi. Winter cherry. Solan- acece. A native of Southern Europe, cultivated in the United States. The berries, which are eaten, have laxative and diuretic properties, and are used in the treatment of fever. 642. Phragmites vulgaris Lam. Graminece. Rich in sugar. The stalks are eaten as a substitute for sugar cane stalks. 643. Phytolacca decandra L. Poke root. Phytolaccacece. Well known medicinally. Easily cultivated in the State of Cali- fornia. (See text-books on Materia Medica and U. S. D.) 644. Phytolacca dioica. Poke root. Phytolaccacece. Well-known medicinal plant. P. acinosa of Japan is well known for its diuretic and poisonous properties. Other species are found in the State. 645. Pimpinella anisum L. Anise. TJmbelliferce. This plant thrives exceedingly well throughout the State. It could undoubtedly be cultivated profitably. The plant is well known and requires no further description. 646. Pinus species. Pines. Evergreens. Coniferce. The pines are well represented in the State of California. There are many native as well as introduced species. The resinous exudate of the partially burned basal parts of P. lambertiana Dougl., loses its resinous qualities and becomes sweet, resembling manna for which it is sometimes substituted. This resin is said to have cathartic proper- ties. The seeds from the immense cones are eaten by the Indians. In fact, pine seeds constitute a very important article of diet of the Cali- fornia Indians. Pine pitch is used in making and repairing canoes, tents, and in fastening arrow feathers, arrow heads, etc. The dry powdered resin is used as a dusting powder for sores and ulcers. Set- tlers mix the resin with corn meal and apply as a poultice to produce PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 133 counter-irritation. (Calif. Geog. Surv. Bot. 2:123.) (Contrib. Nat Herb. 7 : 306-307.) (Proc. A. Ph. A., 26 : 1878, 27 : 1879.) 647. Pinus contorta murrayana Bulf. Murray’s pine. Coniferce. The wood of this tree is much used by the Indians in making tent poles, as fuel, etc. 648. Pinus lambertiana Dougl. Lambert’s pine. Sugar pine. Coniferce. The saccharine exudation has already been referred to. This is one of the handsomest and most highly valued of the California pines. The gum of the variety monticola is used as chewing gum. 649. Pinus monophylla Torr. Nevada nut pine. Pinon pine. Coniferce. Rich in resin. The roasted seeds are eaten. (Calif. Geog. Surv. Bot. 2: 124.) 650. Pinus ponderosa Dough Yellow pine. Coniferce. The gum exudation is used medicinally and as an adhesive agent in tent and canoe making, etc. The gum is also used for chewing pur- poses. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: (No. Ill), 307.) 651. Pinus sabiniana Dough Digger pine. Coniferce. The nuts of this tree form the principal winter fruit of the Digger Indians. The seeds are rich in fat (51.5%) and proteids (28.05%). The yellow pitch is applied as a protective covering to sores, wounds and burns, and is used as a counter-irritant. The bark infusion is given in consumption. Steamed twigs and leaves are said to be useful in rheumatism and for bruises. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: (III), 307.) 652. Pinus torreyana Parry. Torrey pine. Coniferce. A comparatively rare tree of southern California. The fruits are eaten by the Indians. 653. Pirus species and varieties. Pears, apples, etc. Rosacece. The multitudinous variety of apples, pears and quinces are ex- tensively cultivated throughout the State. Some California apples are deficient in flavor. 654. Pistacia mexicana. Pistacia nut. Anacarcliacece. A Mexican plant introduced into California. Contains a resinous juice. Requires further study. 655. Pictacia vera L. Pistachio nut. Anacardiacece. A native of the Orient and Mediterranean countries, cultivated in California. The green seeds are much used as a coloring agent (green) in confections and ice creams. P. terebinthus yields the fragrant tur- 134 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. pentine, which was used medicinally in the time of Hippocrates. P. vera may be grafted on P. terebinthus. 656. Pittosporum species. Coffee trees. Pittosporacece. Handsome ornamental trees from Australia. The seeds are enclosed in a resinous exudate, which should be studied more carefully. 657. Pittosporum undulatum Nutt. Pittosporacece. The blossoms of this tree yield a volatile oil, having the odor of jas- mine flowers. 658. Plagiobothrys campestris Greene. Snowdrop. Boraginacece. The tender shoots, flowers and seeds of this plant are eaten. A col- oring substance is found in the young leaves resembling that obtained from Alkanna tinctoria. This substance is also found in other species, notably in P. ursinus of California. (Pannnel and Norton, Ninth An- nual Report of the Mo. Bot. Gardens, pp. 149-151.) (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:382.) 659. Plagiobothrys (Eritrichium) nothafulvus Gray. Boragi- nacece. Indians use the roots in preparing a red face paint. May prove of commercial value. (U. S. Geog. Surv. Wheeler’s Report Bot. 6:47.) 660. Plantago species. Plantains. Plant aginacece. Introduced, and native species are common. They are reported to have diuretic properties. The Indians eat the seeds of P. patagonica nuda Gray. P. patagonica calif ornica is said to be poisonous. (Calif. Geol. Surv. Bot. 2:478.) 661. Plantago major L. Plantain. Plant aginacece. Infusion of leaves used as gargle in diphtheria. Poultices made from leaves for reducing swellings from poisonous insect bites. 662. Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple. Berberidacece. This small woodland plant of the Eastern States and Canada could no doubt be introduced into California. It requires rich, shady soil. Well known medicinally. 663. Pogogyne parviflora Benth. Labiatce. A fragrant herb used much like Yerba Buena. The leaves placed in houses are said to drive away fleas and other pests. Used as a tea, as a counter-irritant in colic, etc. 664. Polygala species. Polygalacece. Most of the species contain a bitter principle and are used medicinally. The native species are woody perennials. P. senega is not found in the State, although it could no doubt be cultivated. (Cal. Geol. Surv. Bot. 1:58-59.) PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 135 665. Poly gala boykinii Nutt. Polygalacece. This plant is said to have the properties of the Southern senega. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 30: 1882.) 666. Polygala senega L. Senega. The true senega is becoming somewhat rare, and its culture would undoubtedly prove a success finan- cially. It requires fairly rich moist soil. 667. Polygonatum multiflorum Ell. Solomon’s Seal. Liliacece. A European plant found everywhere in and out of cultivation. The berries and flowers are poisonous. Formerly much used in skin dis- eases and as a cosmetic. (U. S. D.) 668. Polygonum amphibium L. Polygonacece. Used in tanning in the Western States; said to contain 18 per centum of tannin. Used as a substitute for true sarsaparilla. 669. Polygonum aviculare L. Yard grass. Goose grass. Poly- gonacece. A very common weed in fields and yards. A decoction of this plant mixed with oak bark is used as an astringent, by Indians as well as whites. Used in kidney diseases. The fibrous roots are used as a sub- titute for quinine. The seeds are said to be emetic and cathartic. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:3, 315.) 670. Polygonum hydropiper L. Smartweed. Water pepper. Polygonacece. A yellow dye is obtained from this plant, which is used commercially in Europe. Used medicinally in the treatment of chronic ulcer and in kidney diseases. 671. Polygonum multiflorum. Polygonacece. The roots of this plant are eaten raw; said to become bitter on boiling. 672. Polygonum nodosum Pers. Polygonacece. This plant resembles P. hydropiper. 673. Polygonum punctatum Ell. Dotted smartweed. Polygo- nacece. Properties and uses like those of P. hydropiper. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 27:117,1879.) 671. Polypodium californicum Kaulf. Polypody fern. ( Polypo - diacece.) F dices. The juice of this plant is used by Indians in the treatment of rheu- matism and to rub on sores. An extract is used in the treatment of sore eyes. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7 : 303.) 136 PII ARM AC AL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 675. Polyporus species. Bracket or shelf fungi. Polyporiacece. Some of these fungi are eaten by Indians as well as by whites. They have but little food value, being entirely too woody. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7 : 300.) 676. Polytrichum juniperinum. Hair cap moss. Robin’s eye. Bryoidece. This moss is said to be a powerful diuretic, useful in the treatment of dropsy. Other species of moss have similar properties, but are now but little employed by physicians. 677. Populus species. Poplars. Salicacece. Cultivated as ornamental shade trees. The buds of P. balsamifera L. and of other species are highly balsamic, and have been used in kid- ney, pectoral and rheumatic complaints. The bark of several species (P. tremuloides and others) is used as a tonic remedy. (Am. Journ. Pharm. 226, 1892.) (Am. Journ. Pharm. 240, 1889.) (U. S. D.) 678. Populus fremontii Wats. Fremont’s cottonwood. Salicacece. The Indians use a bark decoction as a wash for bruises and cuts, especially for the sores on horses caused by saddle chafing. 679. Populus tremuloides Michx. American aspen. Salicacece. Indians use the bark of this tree in intermittent fevers. It is like- wise a popular domestic remedy, used as a tonic in fevers and malaria. The bark contains salicin and populin. (U. S. Geog. Surv. Wheeler’s Rep. Bot. 6 : 51 .) 680. Porphyra laciniata Ag. Seaweed. Bangiacece. A seaweed of the Pacific Coast used as food by the Indians and Chinese. Rich in salt and mucilage. (Proc. Cal. Acad, of Sc. Bot. 2: 230, series 3). (U. S. Nat. Herb. 7 : 299.) 681. Porphyra vulgaris Ag. Seaweed. Bangicece. Properties and uses like the preceding species. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 27 : 134, 1879.) 682. Portulaca oleracea L. Common purslane. Portulacacece. Common in low lands. Used medicinally by the Indians. Also en- joys an extensive popular medicinal use. 683. Potentilla species. Cinquefoil. PosacecB. There are many California species, most of which are perhaps of no medicinal value. P. canadensis L. and P. argentea L. have been used as astringents in dysentery, chronic catarrh, night sweats, etc. The roots of P. sylvestris Neck (P. tormentill, Tormentilla potentilla, P. erecta) are rich in tannin, and are much used as an astringent remedy, and in tanning. They yield a red dye. These species are, however, not reported from the State. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 137 684. Potentilla glandulosa nevadensis Wats. Rosacece. A decoction of the stem and leaves is used in the treatment of head- ache and stomach-ache. Its value is undoubtedly due to its astringent properties. (U. S. D.) 685. Potentilla reptans L. Cinquefoil. Rosacece. This European plant and the American P. canadensis L. have been used as astringents in dysentery, catarrhs, etc. 686. Prinos (Ilex) verticillata Gray. Black alder. Aquifoliacecc. A shrubby tree extensively cultivated. Well known medicinally. The bark, and occasionally the berries, are used as a tonic and astringent in the treatment of dysentery. A decoction is used as an application to ulcers. 687. Prosopis (Algarobia) juliflora C. Leguminosce. Indians mix the gum from this plant with mud and apply it to the head to kill lice and other parasites. A blue stain from the leaves and fruit is used as a face paint. The fruit is eaten. The gum, which resembles gum arabic, has commercial value. The seeds are rich in grape sugar (30 per cent) and are used as food for cattle. Indians prepare an alcoholic drink from the seeds. The pods and seeds are made into a meal and eaten by the Indians, and also form an excellent fodder for horses. It is reported that con- fectioners use large quantities of the gum, and that it promises to be of enormous value commercially. P. pubescens is similarly used. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 27:253-255, 1879.) (U. S. Geog. Surv. 3:607.) (U. S. Geog. Surv. Wheeler’s Rep. Bot. 6:42.) (Wiesner’s Roh- stoffa 1.) 688. Prunus species. Rosacece. Useful fruit trees, common everywhere. Seeds, leaves and other parts of these trees contain hydrocyanic acid to which they owe their medic- inal properties. Cases of poisoning following the eating of fruits and seeds (kernels) have been reported. The young wilted foliage of some cherry trees has proven poisonous to cattle. (Cal. Geol. Bot. 1: 166.) 689. Prunus andersonii .Gray. Rosacece. The fruit is eaten by the Coaliilla Indians. 690. Prnuus caroliniana Ait. Laurel cherry. Rosacece. Common in the southern coast States and is cultivated in California. Grown as an ornamental plant and as a hedge. The poisonous prin- ciple which it contains requires further study. 691. Prunus demissa Walp. Western wild cherry. Rosacece. This plant is poisonous. It has tonic and diuretic properties. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 138 692. Prunus domestica L. Plums. Prunes, liosacece. Plums in great variety, including the prune plum, are extensively cultivated in California. Prunes have mild laxative properties. Cher- ries are also cultivated in great variety. 693. Prunus ilicifolia Walp. Islay, liosacece. The Indians prepare an alcoholic drink from the fruit. The dry leaves are very poisonous. 691. Prunus laurocerasus L. Cherry laurel. Rosacea ?. A European plant common in Mexico and thrives well in different parts of the State. Poisonous. 695. Prunus serotina Ehr. Wild black cherry, liosacece. AVell known medicinal plant which thrives well in California. Fatal cases of poisoning have been reported, due to the eating of fruits, seeds and leaves. The bark is much used in the preparation of cough reme- dies. 696. Prunus subcordata Benth. liosacece. The Indians eat the fruit fresh and also dry it for winter use. 697. Prunus virginiana L. Chokecherry. liosacece. A common tree of the United States, which has been a frequent source of fatal poisoning. The fruits are very poisonous. The names P. vir- giniana and P. serotina are generally confused. 698. Pseudopsuga taxifolia Britt. Douglas spruce or fir. Conif- erce. A drink is prepared from the leaves, which is used as a substitute for coffee. A strong decoction made from the spring buds is used in the treatment of venereal diseases. The leaves are used by the Indians in the sweat bath to cure rheumatism. 699. Psoralea carylifolia Roxb. Leguminosce. The seeds are used in the treatment of leucoderma (white leprosy). 700. Psoralea physodes Dougl. Leguminosce. A native of California popularly employed as a tonic and emmena- gogue. Other species are similarly used. 701. P. soralea tenuiflora Pursh. Leguminosce. This plant is said to be poisonous. 702. Ptelea trifoliata L. Wing seed. Water ash. liutacece. The bark is much used by Western physicians in the treatment of dyspepsia, and in ailments requiring a mild non-irritating bitter tonic. 703. Pteris (pteridium) aquilina L. Bracken fern. Rolypodiaceoi. Used by the Indians in making baskets. The rhizomes are said to be eaten by them. Are given to horses as a diuretic, but its action is PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 139 said to be violent and dangerous. Used also to destroy tape worm. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:304.) 704. Pulsatilla hirsutissima Brit. Ranunculacece. Reported to be poisonous. 705. Puniaca granatum L. Pomegranate. Lythrariacece. Well known fruit tree, extensively cultivated in southern portions of the State. Well known medicinally. (Proe. A. Ph. A. 28: 176, 1880.). 70(). Purshia tridentata I) .0. Rosacece. Indians use a decoction of the leaves as a cough medicine. The directions are “take lots of leaves, drink about a cup full.” 707. Pyrethrum species and varieties. Composites. Many species and varieties are cultivated, including P. roseum and P. cinerariaefolium, from which insect powders are made. Several brands of insect powders are manufactured in California, including the well-known buhaeh. 708. Pyrola picta Smith. White veined skin leaf. Ericacece. Plasters and poultices made from the leaves are applied to bruises and sores. 709. Pyrola rotundifolia bracteata Gray. Indian lettuce. Canker lettuce. Ericacece. A tincture of the fresh plant is used in the treatment of ulcers, sores and cancer. 710. Pyrus cydonia L. Quince. Rosacece. This well-known fruit tree is common throughout the State of Cali- fornia. 711. Quercus species. Oaks. Cupuliferce. Some of the California oaks (Q. lobata, Q. agrifolia) are remarkable for size and grandeur. Nine species occur within the State. The bark of Q. densiflora (California tan bark oak) is very rich in tannin, used medicinally, and also in tanning. The seeds of the several species are roasted and eaten by Indians, and constitute a Very important article of diet. Small galls of the size of a pea are common on the California live oak. Large galls, several inches in diameter, occur on another species of oak (Q. lobata, California oak galls) which are reported to be rich in tannin. The fresh galls are used in the treatment of sore eyes. The bark of Q. lobata is used in the treatment of dysentery. The bark of Q. cali- fornica and Q. douglassii is mixed for tanning purposes. (P. II. Lane: Cal. Tan Bark Oak, Cal. College of Pharm., Thesis, 1902.) (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. Vol. 7: No. 3), (Contrib. U. S. Nat, Herb. 7:343), (Proe. A. Ph. A. 27: 275, 1879.) 140 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 712. Ramalina reticulata. Beard moss. Old man’s beard. Lichenes. Common on California live oak, hanging in long tufts from the branches. Also found on pines and other trees. Used for bedding and as a packing material. At one time used as a hair tonic. Has no medicinal value. 713. Ramona (Audebertia) species. Sage. Greasewood. Hum- ming bird sage. Labiatece. Noted honey yielding plants of Southern California. The honey from the flowers is of extra quality. The following are the more common species: A. stachyoides Benth., A. nivea Benth., A. grandiflora Benth. and A. polystachia Benth. 714. Ranunculus species. Crowfoot. Banunculacece. Most of the species have acrid properties and are poisonous. R. flam- mula L., R. scelaratus L. and other species found in the State contain alkaloids (ranunculine) which are highly irritating and poisonous. The fresh leaves of several species are applied externally for blistering purposes. There are many native species. 715. Ranunculus eisenii Kellogg. Buttercup. Banunculacece. This species contain an acrid, more or less poisonous principle, char- acteristic of the group. The parched seeds are eaten by Indians. The seeds of R. californicus are also eaten. (Cal. Geog. Surv. Bot. 1:4.) 716. Razoumofskya (Arceuthobium) occidentalis K. Pine mistle- toe. Loranthacece. A mistletoe parasitic on the digger pine. A decoction of the plant is used by Indians to relieve pain in the stomach. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7 : 3, 345.) 717. Reseda alba L. White Mignonette. Besedacece. Escaped from gardens native of Europe. Perhaps useful as a dia- phoretic and diuretic. 718. Reseda luteola L. Dyer’s weed. Besedacece. Contains a yellow _ dye which has been used commercially. (Cal. Geog. Surv. Bot. 1:53.) 719. Reseda odorata L. Common mignonette. Besedacece. A common European garden plant, which has escaped from cultiva- tion. Similar in action to R. luteola. 720. Rhamnus species. Buckthorns. Bhamnacece. These constitute the most important medicinal trees of California. Their medicinal value is widely and favorably known. There is some confusion on the part of collectors and dealers with regard to species and varieties. Physicians and pharmacologists are not clear as to their PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 141 exact comparative medicinal value. The Indians have long made medic- inal use of these plants and the whites ascertained their therapeutic value from the Indians. (See Dispensatories and Materia Medicas.) 721. Rhamnus californica Eschw. Cascara sagrada (sacred bark). Coffee berry. Rhamnacece. Very common in California, varying in size from a small shrub to a tree of fair proportions. Readily cultivated. Common along the coast region. 722. Rhamnus californica tomentella Br. and Wats. California coffee tree. Sacred bark. Rhamnacece. This tree is found in the interior of California, and is closely similar to the species both as to appearance and as to properties. A decoction is used as a poison oak remedy. The seeds are said to be used as a substitute for coffee. 723. Rhamnus crocea ilicifolia Greene. Rhamnacece. The Piute Indians have used this plant as a cathartic and diuretic. The berries are eaten as food, and it is said that they tinge the veins red, due to a deposit of coloring matter. 724. Rhamnus ilicifolia K. Buckthorn. Rhamnacece. Used medicinally by Indians. Has an orange-colored inner bark. Requires more careful study. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7 : 369.) 725. Rhamnus purshiana D. C. Cascara sagrada. Rhamnacece. This species is exceedingly abundant in Oregon and Washington, somewhat less abundant in northern California. This is supposed to be the true medicinal sacred bark. 726. Rheum species and varieties. Rhubarbs. Polygonacece. The rhubarbs, culinary as ivell as medicinal, thrive well in the State, particularly in the Coast region. The plants are propagated from seeds and from the lateral shoots, which are set out about six to eight feet apart, and left to grow from four to seven years, when the roots are dug up during dry weather, peeled and cut into pieces, varying in size. The initial drying is done in the open and completed by artificial heat, not to exceed 80° P. (See Chap. III.) (Proc. A. Ph. A. 25:132, 1877), (Proc. A. Ph. A. 26:196-201, 1878), (Proc. A. Ph. A. 23:145. 1875.) 727. Rhododendron californicum Hook. California rose bay. Eri- caceae. It is stated that the honey made from the flowers of this plant is poisonous. The same is reported of the honey from R. occidentale Gray. The leaves and roots of the latter plant are said to contain a powerful narcotic poison. 142 PIIARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 728. Rhododendron maximum L. Great laurel. Ericacece. Eastern in range ; cultivated throughout the State. Poisonous. Re- quires further study. 729. Rhododendron occidentale Gray. Azelea. Ericacece. Cultivated as an ornamental plant. Related to the Siberian R. chrys- anthemum. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 30: 190, 1882.) (Proc. A. Ph. A. 29- 225-231, 1881.) 730. Rhus diversiloba T. and G. Poison oak. Anacardiacece . Perhaps the greatest pest in California. The most annoying of ail poisonous weeds. Said to be used by the Indians to counteract rattle- snake poisoning and to remove warts. 731. Rhus integrifolia B. and H. Sumac. Lemonade berry. Ana- cardiacece. Rich in tannin. The seeds are used by Indians to prepare a cool- ing drink. May prove of commercial value. The fruits of R. laurina Nutt, and R. ovata Wats., are similarly used. The Indians use a tea made from the leaves of the latter species in the treatment of coughs and colds, and for pains in the chest. R. succedanea, R. vermicifera and R. sylvestris, yield illuminating wax. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 26:295 1878.) 732. Rhus toxicodendron L. Poison ivy. Anacardiacece. Common throughout the United States, having properties similar to those of poison oak. Rare in California. 733. Rhus trilobata Nutt. Red fruited sumac. Anacardiacece. Indians powder the berries, making a lotion used in the treatment of smallpox. The fruit is pleasantly acid, and is eaten by the Indians. A stem decoction is said to be excellent for coughs and lung trouble. 734. Rhus vernix L., (R. venenata D. C.) Poison sumac. Ana- cardiacece. An Eastern poisonous plant which is spreading westward rapidly. 735. Ribes species. Gooseberries and currants. Eosacece. The fruits have agreeable acid qualities and are eaten raw, cooked and preserved. Numerous varieties and forms are cultivated in the State There are several native species. Among them Ribes cereum Dougl.. of which the fruit is eaten by the Indians. 736. Ricinus communis L. Castor oil plant. Euphorbiacece. A very common ornamental plant, which could be grown commer- cially. Well known medicinally. There are several varieties. 737. Robinia pseudacacia L. Locust tree. Lecguminosce. A handsome ornamental tree with very fragrant flowers. The root bark is much used by the eclectics ; said to have tonic, purgative and PHARMACAL PLANTS AND TPIEIR CULTURE. 143 emetic properties. Several active principles have been isolated. Poi- sonous. (U. S. D.) 738. Roccela tinctoria A. Orchil. Cudbear. Litmus. Lichenes. This lichen is rare in California ; abundant in Lower California. It was at one time a most important article in the dyeing industry. 739. Romenya coulteri H. California tree poppy. Matilli.ja poppy. PapaveracecB. Well known native ornamental plants of southern California, with large showy flowers; very extensively cultivated in the State. There are several varieties or species. (R. coulteri Harv., and R. trichocolyx Eastwood.) The Indians of Lower California prized the curative powers of these plants very highly. 740. Rosa species and varieties. Roses. Rosacece. Every one who has resided in California knows in what profusion roses grow throughout the State. The Attar of rose (oil of rose) yield- ing species and varieties would thrive fully as well as others. Attempts should be made to introduce the best attar varieties from Turkey, Bul- garia, France and other countries. No doubt the fragrance of some of the more suitable varieties could be increased by crossing, artificial selection and by special culture methods. The cultivation of the attar yielding roses and manufacture of the oil should be studied at Kizanlik, Bulgaria, and in other attar producing countries, as a preparation to begin similar enterprises in California. The late Dr. A. P. Whittell experimented with roses near Los Gatos some years since, producing a fine quality of attar. It is stated that a good quality of attar of rose has been obtained in California from the “American Beauty” rose, which is very fragrant. The Kizanlik oil of rose is worth six dollars per ounce. It is frequently adulterated. The petals of Rosa gallica and varieties and the undeveloped buds of R. centifolia have market value. 741. Rosa californica. Rosacece. A large plant attaining a height of ten feet or more. The tender shoots are made into a tea. The old straight wood is used for arrow shafts by the Indians. The leaves and petals are rich in tannin and possess astringent properties. 742. Rosmarinus officinalis L. Rosemary. Labiatce. A well-known plant cultivated every where. Used as a stimulating tonic. Yields rosemary oil. Well known medicinally. The statements made under lavender also apply here. The flower's are worth about ninety-five cents per pound and the oil about $1.50 per pound. The oil is used principally in perfumery, ointments, liniments and lotions. (See Mentha and Lavendula.) 144 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 743. Rubia tinctorum L. Madder. Rubiacece. The plant has some medicinal use, but is cultivated principally for the dye (madder) which it yields and which is a highly valued pigment used by artists. It thrives well in the State under cultivation. The grower should also manufacture and market the dye. Full directions and suggestions for culture and manufacture must be sought elsewhere. (U. S. D. 1.) (U. of C. Exp. Sta. Rep. p. 244, 1890.) 744. Rubus species. Raspberries and blackberries. Rosacece. Numerous native and introduced species and varieties occur in the State. The fruits are highly relished. The bark leaves and the fruits are used medicinally. The noted Loganberry is an acidulous fruit for convalescents. Highly prized for jellies and preserves. It is a cross between the raspberry and blackberry. (Dispensatories and Materia Medica. ) 745. Rubus idaeus L. Raspberry. Rosacece. The red and black varieties are extensively cultivated in the State. 746. Rubus vitifolius C. and S. Blackberry. Rosacece. This native plant is rich in tannin and could no doubt be substituted for the official species. 747. Rumex species. Dock. Polygonacece. Many species occur within the State. They have medicinal proper- ties. Several species have been grown commercially. Some are very troublesome weeds. 748. Rumex crispus L. Yellow dock. Polygonacece. Used in cutaneous diseases, scrofula, syphilis, etc. The leaves are eaten as greens, and the seeds are made into a mush. Decoction given for inflammation of bladder, fevers and colds. 749. Rumex hymenasepalus Torr. Canaigre. Wild pie plant. Polygonacece. This plant is very rich in tannin and has been grown on a commercial scale in California. Used in tanning. Used medicinally by Indians and Mexicans ; also used as an article of diet. 750. Ruta graveolens L. Rue. Rutacece. A well-known pot herb extensively cultivated everywhere. Used as a condiment and in the treatment of hysteria, colic, etc. 751. Sabal serrulata Nutt. Saw palmetto. Palmacece. A natice of the Southern states, which grows in the southern por- tions of California. The fruit with the pericarp (putamen) removed is used medicinally as a diuretic, nerve sedative, tonic and expectorant, and is official in the United States Pharmacopoeia. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 145 752. Sabatia species. Centaury. Gentianacece. Much used in popular medicine; valued as a tonic and antiperiodic. Used as a substitute for quinine in the Southwest. 753. Saccharum officinarum L. Sugar cane. Graminece. This is the sugar cane of the South, and may be grown in portions of southern California. It yields sugar and syrup, used in medicine chiefly as a vehicle. 754. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Common arrowhead. Alismacecc. Common in California on river islands and along the river shores of the interior. The tubers are highly relished by the Chinese and Indians. 755. Salicornia ambigua Michx. Pickleweed. Chenipodiacece. This and other species yield impure soda on combustion. Pickled and eaten in England. Relished by cattle. Used as a pot herb. (U. of C. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep., 1895-97.) 756. Salix species. Willows. Salicacece. There are eight native species. Other species and varieties are being introduced. The bark is rich in tannin; used in basket making, etc. 757. Salix lasiolepis Bentli. Arroyo willow. Salicacece. A strong bark decoction is used as a wash for the itch. Given inter- nally to cure chills and fever and to cause sweating. The roots and leaves are also used medicinally, particularly in fever and ague. (Proc. A. Pli. A. 27: 274, 1897.) (U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: 331.) 758. Salvia species. Sage. Labiates. Numerous species and varieties, native and introduced, are found in the State. Some are cultivated as ornamental plants, and others as garden herbs. The seeds of several native species are eaten. Sage is a popular spice and medicinally is much used as a diaphoretic. It has astringent properties. (Cycl. Am. Idort.) (U. S. D.) (Proc. A. Pli. A. 30: 172-174, 1882.) 759. Salvia columbariae Bentli. Sage. Chia. Labiatce. Seeds used by the Indians, in soups, etc. They are rich in mucilage. The ancient Mexicans cultivated this plant for the seed, which consti- tuted an important article of diet. (Cal. Geol. Surv. Bot. 1 : 599.) The seed meal mixed with water forms an excellent emulsion drink in gastro- intestinal disorders. The mucilaginous seeds are placed under the eyelid to remove foreign particles. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7 : 384.) (U. S. Geog. Surv. Wheeler’s Rep. Bot. 6: 49.) (U. of C. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep., page 358, 1897-98.) 760. Sambucus canadensis L. Elder. Caprifoliacece. A well-known cosmopolitan medicinal plant. Thrives everywhere. 10 — BF 146 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 761. Sambucus glauca Nutt. California pale elder. Caprifoliacece. A popular household remedy. The Indians made many medicinal uses of the leaves and bark. The flowers are considered a very valuable diuretic and diaphoretic remedy. A decoction is much used for sores, sprains, ulcers, itch, skin diseases in general, to cheek hemorrhage, etc. The berries of this species are used much like those of Sambucus cana- densis. The abundant stem pith is used as a tinder with flint and steel. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: 388.) 762. Sapium sebiferum Roxb. Tallow tree. Euphorbiacece. Cultivated in California ; a native of Asia. The Chinese use the fat obtained from the seed for lighting purposes. (Pharm. Journ. Trans., 401, 1883; 901, 1887.) 763. Saponaria officinalis L. Bouncing Bet. Soapwort. Cary- ophyllacece. Said to be poisonous; contains saponin; used as a substitute for soap. . Plas been used as a substitute for sarsaparilla in the treatment of scrofu- lous diseases. 764. Sarcodes sanguinea Torr. Snow plant. Ericacece. Found in the Sierras. Reported to be poisonous. The Indians of Montana and southern California use it to relieve toothache. The dried and powdered herb is made into a wash for the cure of ulcers, sore mouth, etc. Requires further study. 765. Sarrecenia flava L. Pitcher plant. Carreceniacece. Used as a tonic, laxative and diuretic. Other species have similar properties and uses. Some grow in the open, others require glass covers. 766. Sarsaparilla. (See Smilax.) 767. Sassafras sassafras Salisb. Sassafras. Lauracece. A well-known medicinal plant which may be cultivated. 768. Saxifraga species. Saxifragacece. There are native species and several introduced species are cultivated as ornamental plants. Some species contain berganin, which is said to l>e intermediate in action between salicylic acid and quinine. (Phar. Jour. Trans. Aug., 1888.) 769. Saxifraga peltata Torr. Indian rhubarb. Saxifragacece. The Hupa Indians eat the stems. This, as well as other species, are quite rich in tannic and gallic acid. 770. Schinus molle. Pepper tree. Anacardiacece. A native of South America. Extensively grown as an ornamental tree. All parts of the plant are pungent and spicy ; the odor recalling that of pepper. The fruit is about the size of the pepper and like the PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 147 pepper assumes a reddish color on ripening, but otherwise there is no similarity. All parts of the plant are rich in a gum, which is used medicinally by the Peruvians. It is said to be used in diseases of the eye and to harden the gums. (IP. A. Wessel, The Pepper Tree of Cali- fornia, Cal. Coll, of Pharm. Thesis, 1904.) S. terebinthifolius, also a native of South America, is far less com- mon, but is otherwise similar. 771. Scopola carniolica Jaq. Scopola. Solanacece. The plant does not occur in the State. A valuable newer remedy, having properties nearly identical with those of belladonna. The drug is official. The rhizomes and leaves are used. Poisonous. Resembles belladonna in appearance and may be cultivated like that plant. For a time it was believed that it would be used as the equal to belladonna, but thus far it does not seem to meet with favor among physicians nor among pharmaceutical manufactures. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 47 : 285-297, 1899.) (U. S. D.) 772. Scorzonella (Microseris) maxima Biot. Compass plant. Com- posites. The bitter roots are eaten by the Indians. The gum from the milky juice is used as chewing gum. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7 : 391.) 773. Scrophularia nodosa L. Figwort. Scrofula plant. Scrophn- lariacecB. A European plant naturalized in the United States. The leaves are used in scrofula, as a tonic, diuretic, diaphoretic and as a local applica- tion in hemorrhoids. The native species require further study as to chemical constituents and as to medicinal properties. 774. Scutellaria californica Gray. Skullcap. Labiates. The leaves are very 1 titter, and the Indians are said to have used them as a substitute for quinine. Two other species are quite common in the coast ranges and Sierras (S. tuberosa Benth. and S. augustifolia Pursh.) Require further study. 775. Sechium edule. Choco. Vegetable pear. Cucurbit acece. A Central American plant which thrives well in California. The large starchy roots are eaten ; likewise the rather large fruits, which may be prepared like summer squash. The plant is very prolific, a hundred or more fruits ripening on one plant in one season. 776. Sedum species. Stone crop. Grassulacece. The European species are much used in popular medicines ; valued in the treatment of ulcers, wounds, warts, dysentery, lung troubles, etc. The native species require further study. 148 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 777. Sempervivum tectorum L. Houseleek. Hen - and - chickens. Grassulacece. A common European ornamental border plant. The bruised leaves aye used as a cooling application to burns and other external inflamma- tions. The juice is said to remove warts and corns. Pieces of the leaves are used to remove corns. 778. Senecio species. Groundsel. Composite. There are numerous native and introduced species, which are said to have medicinal properties. S. aureus L. (Ragwort) is used by the Indians as a counter-irritant. The European S. vulgaris L. enjoys an extensive popular use, particularly valued in amenorrhea. The bruised leaves are applied to sores, ulcers and swellings. The eclectics find it very useful medicinally. Several active principles have been isolated. The group is well worthy of further careful study. 779. Senna. (See Cassia.) 780. Serenasa (Sabal) serrulata Ilook. Saw palmetto. Palmce. The fruit is rich in oil, which is obtained by crushing and expression. No alkaloid has been found. (Pharm. Archives, pages 101-116, 1899.) (See Sabal serrulata.) 781. Shepherdia (Lepargyraea) argentea Green. Buffalo berry. Elceagnacece. A native ornamental plant, well suited to a dry soil and climate. The fruit is quite rich in acid, and is made into jelly. (Am. Journ. Pharm. Dec. 1888.) 782. Sida hederacea Torr. Malvaceae. Said to be demulcent and laxative. Requires further study. Abun- dant about Sacramento and elsewhere in the State. 783. Sida rhombifolia L. Jelly leaf. Queensland hemp. Mal- vacece. A native of Australia. Rich in mucilage, having demulcent prop- erties. S. paniculata L. of Peru is rich in mucilage and is said to be a very active vermifuge. The plants are rich in fiber, which is used as a substitute for hemp. 784. Silene species. Catch fly. Campion. Caryophyllacece. Five species occur in the State, which require further study as to active constituents and properties. 785. Silene laciniata Cav. Yerba del India. Caryophyllacece. Spaniards make this into a tea. Considered very useful in the treat- ment of sores, aches, ulcers and sprains. The Eastern species (S. vir- ginica) is said to be poisonous, and a useful anthelmintic. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 149 786. Silybum marianum Gaert. Mariana. Composite. Seeds used as an antispasmodie. Requires further study. 787. Simmondsia californica Nutt. Garryacece. A large shrub with a curious fruit. The nuts (seeds) taste something like filberts but leave a bitter after taste. The Indians use the seed as food. The Coahilla Indians prepare a drink from the ground seeds. The oil of the seeds is much used as a hair tonic. 788. Sinapis alba L. and S. nigra Koek. Mustard. Cruciferce. English mustard has been grown on an enormous scale in the Lompoc Valley in California. ‘ ‘ Mustards ’ ’ of all kinds are very profuse through- out the State, growing very rank and constitute a very troublesome pest to the farmer. 789. Sisyrinchium bellum AVats. Star grass. Azulea. Villela. Iridacece. A common California plant. A tea made from it is used in the treat- ment of fevers. A popular notion prevails that it is possible to subsist for many days on this tea alone. 790. Sissymbrium pinnatum Greene. Tansy mustard. Palmita. Cruciferce. The seeds, cooked and seasoned with salt, with milk and sugar added, are eaten. Used largely by the old squaws. 791. Sium cicutaefolium Gmel. AVater parsnip. Umbelliferce. A poisonous plant. Children and others occasionally eat the roots, mistaking them for parsnips. (Proc. A. Pli. A. 25: 168, 1877.) 792. Smilacina amplexicaulis Nutt, False Solomon’s seal. Liliacece. Common in woodlands along the coast. (U. S. D.) 793. Smilax species. Sarsaparilla. Smilacece. The medicinal sarsaparilla is not cultivated commercially within the State. No doubt certain portions of southern California would be well suited to this plant. 794. Solanum dulcamara L. Bittersweet. Solanacece. A well-known foreign medicinal plant which could be cultivated very readily. 795. Solanum nigrum L. Black nightshade. Solanacece. Specially common in the eastern United States, but rapidly spreading westward, and very abundant in certain localities in the State. Com- monly known as deadly nightshade, and also as belladonna, and by some has been mistaken for the true belladonna. The unripe fruits are poisonous, but the ripe fruits are said to be eaten. The active con- stituent is solanine, whose physiological action requires further study. 150 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 796. Solanum triflorum Nutt. Spreading nightshade. Solanacece. A native of the great plains. Poisonous. Requires further study. 797. Solanum umbelliferum Esch. Solanacece. Fruit is mashed, oil expressed and used as an application to pimples. Decoction of roots for stomach-ache and bowel complaints. 798. Solidago californica Nutt. Golden rod. Compositce. All Solidago species are credited with diuretic properties. Decoction of entire plant, also powder, used to clean old sores. The golden rods are peculiar to the United States, and the golden rod is the national flower. S. odora Ait. was formerly official in the U. S. Pharmacopoeia. This and other species have diuretic and diaphoretic properties. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 28: 146, 1880.) 799. Sonchus oleraceus L. Sow thistle. Milk thistle. Compositce. A common introduced weed. The brown inspissated juice is said to be a powerful hydrogogue cathartic. Combined with belladonna and aromatics, it is given in the treatment of dropsy. Used as an anti-opium remedy by the Chinese of Oakland and San Francisco. Supposed to contain a narcotic. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 24: 141, 1876.) (Pac. Pharm. 2: 113, 1908.) 800. Sorbus ancuparia L. Mountain ash. Eosacece. A small tree of Europe, much cultivated as an ornamental plant. The fruit contains a saccharine substance, sorbin, which readily under- goes alcoholic fermentation. All parts of the tree are highly astrin- gent, and may be employed in tanning. Used in the treatment of scurvy, ulcers, sores, hemorrhoids, etc. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 30 : 237, 1882.) 801. Sophora japonica L. Japanese pagoda tree. Leguminosce. This, and other species, are cultivated as ornamental trees. Said to contain a poisonous volatile alkaloid (sophorine) similar to cytisine. 802. Spilanthes oleracea L. Paracress. Compositce. A native of India, which may be cultivated in the southern portions of the State. Used in India as a toothache remedy. 803. Spiraea species. Hardhacks. Eosacece. Familiar shrubs cultivated everywhere. Most of the species contain a colorless volatile oil, resembling the oil of gaultheria. The roots contain tannic acid, and are used for their astringent properties. The flowers possess, in a feeble degree, the properties of salicylic acid. (Cycl. Am. Hort. 1699.) 804. Stachys bullata Benth. Hedge nettle. Labiatce. Used as cough medicine. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 151 805. Sterculia species. Stercidiacece. Several species are cultivated in the State. The fruit contains caf- feine particularly that of S. acuminata. Sterculia gum is obtained from various Indian, African and Australian species. (Pharm. Journ. Trans. Nov. 1889.) 806. Stipa viridula Trin. Graminece. It is reported that this grass has a powerful action on the brain and spinal cord. Further study is necessary. Some consider this a valuable forage plant. 807. Suaeda californica Wats. Seablite. Clienopodiacece. This and other species are very rich in soda salts. In Spain, plants of this kind are cultivated for purposes of yielding soda by combustion. 808. Symphytum officinale L. Comfrey. Convolvxdacece. A well-known medicinal plant, widely cultivated, and in places escaped from cultivation. 809. Syringa vulgaris L. Lilac. Oleacece. This and other species and varieties are extensively cultivated as ornamental plants. The leaves and fruit of the above species are said to have tonic and antiperiodic properties. Contains lilicin. 810. Tamarindus indica L. Tamarind. Leguminosce. A well-known fruit tree cultivated in the southern portion of the State. The fruits are mildly laxative, pleasantly refrigerant, made in cooling drinks for fevers. The fruit is also made into a confection with senna. The leaves furnish a yellow djm ; the flowers and fruits are used as a mordant in dyeing. The powdered seeds mixed with glue form a very lasting wood cement. A decoction of the bark is given in asthma. The plant enjoys a wide popular use in India and other tropical countries. 811. Tanacetum vulgare L. Tansy. Compositce. A well-known introduced medicinal plant, used as an anthelmintic, tonic, in dropsy, etc., as a local application to ulcers, and criminally to produce abortion. 812. Taraxacum taraxacum Karst. Dandelion. Compositce. A cosmopolitan plant common in lawns every where where it is often a great pest which is exterminated with difficulty. Root used. Not poisonous. Leaves eaten as salad and greens. Well-known medicinally. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 47: 305-307, 1899.) 813. Taxus baccata L. Yew. Ooniferce. This and many other species are cultivated. The fruit is very poisonous. This poisonous principle occurs in the seed rather than in the fleshy pericarp. 152 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. Taxus brevifolia Nutt. (Pacific yew) has bright red berries which are edible, but the seeds are considered poisonous. The wood is very tough. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: 305.) 814. Thalictrum species. Meadow rue. Banunculacece. Many species seem to have medicinal or poisonous properties. Several have been examined and found to contain alkaloids (thalictrine), which is said to be a very powerful cardiac poison. The group requires further study. 815. Thalictrum polycarpum Wats. Meadow rue. Ranunculacece. Perhaps contains thalictrine. The juice is applied externally to relieve headache. Decoction of roots used for colic and stomach-ache. Said to have the action and properties of strychnine. (Am. Journ. Pharm., page 336, 1881.) 816. Thea (Camellia) japonica. Japanese tea. Ternstrcemiacece. The leaves of this plant are much used as an adulterant of true tea. It does not contain any theine. (Proc. A. Pli. A. 27 : 209, 1879.) 817. Thea (Camellia) sinensis Link. Tea. Ternstrcemiacece. A shrub extensively cultivated in China, Japan and other countries. Has been introduced into the Southern States, with varying success. Can be grown in California (southern part). 818. Therof on (Borkinia) elatum Greene. Boykinia. Saxifragacece. A delicately aromatic plant growing on wet, mossy banks. The Yuki Indians use it medicinally. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7 : 353.) 819. Thuja occidentalis L. Arbor vitae. Coniferce. This and other specimens are cultivated in the State. A decoction is much used in the treatment of intermittent fevers, coughs, scurvy, rheumatism, as an emmenagogue, etc. 820. Thymus vulgaris L. Thyme. Labiatce. Thrives well in California, where it is a very common pot and garden herb. (See statements under lavender.) The oil, which is made from the leaves, is worth $1.50 per pound, the leaves are worth about thirty cents per pound. 821. Thysanocarpus elegans F. and M. Lace pod. Cruciferce. A leaf decoction is given in colic and stomach-ache. The seeds are eaten. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: 352.) 822. Tilia americana L. Linden. Tiliacece. The saccharine exudation of the leaves resembles manna. The leaves of T. argentia (T. tomentosa) are used as a substitute for tea in Greece. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 31 : 145. 1883.) PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 153 823. Torreya californica Greene. California nutmeg. Coniferce. The seeds of this handsome tree resembles the nutmegs in form, size and markings. They are pungent and astringent, and have been used to adulterate true nutmeg. The green leaves have an odor resembling that of the tomato vine. The white fresh portion of the seeds has a bland taste, recalling that of the meat of the cocoanut. The roasted seeds are aromatic and taste something like peanuts. Eaten by Indians. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: 305.) (Journ. Am. Chem. Soe. 17: 935-941, 1895.) 824. Torula (Saccharomyces) cerevisae Turpin. Yeast. This and related species and varieties constitute the omnipresent yeast organisms wdiich convert sugar into alcohol and carbolic acid gas and several minor side products. These minute organisms are active in all alcoholic fermentations and are employed in making beer, root beer, bread, etc. The yeast cake of the grocer consists of a pure culture of the organisms, dried and pressed. Yeast fomentations and poultices are much used in swellings, boils, skin diseases, etc. There is an extended literature on the uses of the yeast organisms in commerce, in arts, in the household and in manufacture. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 9: 91, 1860.) 825. Trichostema lanatum Benth. Komero. Woolly blue-curls. Labiatce. Found in southern California. Used as a cosmetic and as an applica- tion to old sores and to inflamed tissues. The Spaniards of California look upon this plant as a panacea for many ills. • 826. Trichostema lanceolatum Gray. Vinegar weed. Tar weed. Labiatce. Occurs in western California. Very rank oclor; poisonous; much used as a fish poison. A leaf infusion is used as an application to cure headaches. Also used as a wash in typhoid fever. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: 385.) 827. Trifolium species. Clovers. Leguminosce. There are many native and introduced species and varieties. The Indians use the flowers, seeds and leaves of several species as food. Medicinally these plants are reputed to have blood-purifying properties. The flower heads of red clover are used in the preparation of a quack cancer remedy. A more careful investigation of constituent, and physiological action would be desirable. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 29 : 222, 1881.) 828. Trigonella fcenumgreecum L. Fenugreek. Leguminosce. A well-known medicinal plant which thrives well in the State of Cali- fornia. Never given internally; used in emollient applications, plas- ters, poultices, etc. Much used in veterinary practice. 154 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 829. Triosteum perfoliatum L. Horse gentian. Bastard ipecac. Caprifoliacece. A native of the United States, which spreads very rapidly and is very easily cultivated. It has cathartic and diuretic properties, and in large doses is emetic. 830. Trillium species. Bethroot. Liliacece. The roots are very persistently pungent and have decided emetic properties. Used medicinally by Indians. 831. Trillium sessile giganteum. Liliacece. The tuberous roots are used medicinally by Indians. A decoction is said to have soporific properties. The crushed roots and leaves are used as a poultice for boils, etc. (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7 : 329.) 832. Turnera diffusa Willd. Damiana. Turneracece. This plant is found in the West Indies, Mexico and California. It yields the damiana of the drug market, but its action is considered unreliable. (Proc. A. Ph. A. 24: 185, 1876.) (U. S. D.) 833. Tussilago farfara L. Coltsfoot. Compositce. An introduced plant which spreads very rapidly. The leaves and entire plant are used medicinally in lung troubles, coughs and colds. Used in scrofula. (Am. Journ. Pharm. 340, 1887.) 834. Typha latifolia L. Flag tule. Cat tail. Typhacece. Indians use roots and base of the stems as food. The down is used for bedding. Medicinal uses uncertain. 835. Ulex europaeus L. Furze. Gorze. Leguminosce. A popular European plant, cultivated as an ornamental plant in California. The seeds contain an alkaloid (ulexine) which is similar to cytisine; used in cardiac dropsy. (U. S. D.) 836. Ulmus species. Elm. Ulmacece. Several native and introduced species occur in the State. They are handsome ornamental shade plants. The bark is very rich in mucilage, and forms a very popular demulcent medicine. 837. Umbelliferous plants. Members of this group occur in great variety, wild growing as well as under cultivation. Among them may be mentioned fennel, caraway, cumin, dill, parsley, angelica, conium and others. 838. Umbellularia californica Nutt. California laurel. Mountain laurel. Lauracece. A tree common throughout the State. Very variable in size. All parts of the plant are highly aromatic. The leaves, which contain a volatile oil, are used as a condiment in soups. The seeds also contain oil. PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 155 The oil is said to have anaesthetic properties and is reported to be useful in nervous disorders, in intestinal colic and in atonic dyspepsia. It has antiseptic properties. Also used as a flea exterminator. (U. of C. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep., 173, 1897-1898.) (J. M. Stillman and E. 0. O’Neil, Am. Chem. Journ. 4: 206-211, 1882 and 1883.) (Proc. A. Ph. A. 31: 109, 1883.) 839. Urginea maritima (L.) Baker. Squill. Liliacece. A native perennial of Southern Europe which thrives remarkably well in California, the bulbs which are used medicinally developing to large size. Grows best on loose, sandy, quite rich hillsides. In order to make culture profitable it must be done on a large scale. 840. Urtica urens L. Small nettle. Urticacew. An introduced weed, having the irritating properties of the nettle group. Other species are U. lyalli californica and U. holosericea Nutt, (Cal. Geog. Surv. Bot. 2: 65.) 841. Usnea lacunosa Tuck. Beard moss. Lichenes. A common lichen on oaks and other trees, used as bedding material. No longer used medicinally. 842. Ustilago avense Jen. Oat smut. Fungi. Found on wild oats, cultivated oats and on other members of the grass family. Has the properties of corn smut. (U. S. D.) 843. Vaccaria vulgaris Hast. Medic. Cow herb. Caryophyllacece. An introduced weed which is reported to have poisonous properties, although it appears to be used as a fodder plant. Requires further study. 844. Vaccinium ovatum Pursh. Huckleberry. Ericacece. Found in the coast ranges of California. The berries are eaten. The leaves are astringent and have diuretic properties and are used as a substitute for Uva ursi. 845. Valeriana officinalis L. Valerian. Garden heliotrope. Vale- rianacece. A well-known medicinal plant, readily cultivated every where. Flow- ers are very fragrant. The rhizomes and roots constitute the drug valerian, which is highly valued as a nerve sedative. Useful in hemi- crania, hysteria, low fevers, etc. A native species (V. Sylvatica Banks) found in the wet grounds of the Sierras has the strong scented roots of the official species. Indians are said to use the roots for food. 846. Vanilla planifolia Andrews. Vanilla. Orchidacece. A native of Mexico and cultivated in the tropics. Has been success- fully and profitably cultivated in temperate countries in hothouses. 156 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. Readily propagated from cuttings ; requires very rich, moist soil and much care in order to develop a good quality of vanilla. Could not be grown in the open, even in the hottest parts of the state. 847. Veratrum viride Ait. American hellebore. Melanthacece. A native of the United States which is very readily cultivated; requires rich, wret, shady ground. The rhizomes and roots are used in nervous excitement, typhoid fever, convulsions, chorea, mania, etc. The rhizomes are worth about twenty-five cents per pound. This plant is closely similar to if not identical with the European hellebore. (V. album). Among the native species are V. speciosum Rydb. (False hellebore) V. fimbriatum Gray. These require further study as to constituents and physiological action. 848. Verbascum thapsus L. Mullein. Indian tobacco. Scrophu- lariacece. A large weed, introduced from Europe. Used as an adulterant of and a substitute for tobacco. The ancient Greeks and Romans used the leaves as tallow wicks in funeral torches. An old-time remedy which is but little used at the present time. Given in colds, catarrhs, etc. 849. Veronica officinalis L. Speedwell. Scrophulariacece. A cultivated European plant. It is considered diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant and tonic. Used in pectoral and nephritic complaints, diseases of the skin, and as an application to wounds. Other species are similarly used. 850. Viburnum species. Haw. Caprifoliacece. V. opulus (cramp bark) and V. prunifolium (black haw) are well- known medicinal trees, which occur under cultivation as ornamental plants. 851. Viola species. Violets. Pansies. Violacece. V. tricolor and other species are common. Has emollient and laxa- tive properties ; used in pectoral, kidney and cutaneous diseases. Medic- inal value doubtful. 852. Vitis species and varieties. Grapes. Vitacece. Numerous varieties extensively cultivated in the State. There is an extensive literature on grape culture and wine manufacture. 853. Wistaria chinensis D. C. Wistaria. Leguminosce. This handsome ornamental climbing plant is very common through- out the State. It contains a crystalline poisonous glucocicle (Wistarin). (Pharm. Journ. Trans. Oct. 1886.) PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 157 854. Wyethia species. Composite e. The species of California have been quite generally employed medici- nally. The Indians use the seeds of several species. They require fur- ther study. 855. Wyethia helenioides Nutt. Compositce. Used as a domestic remedy in the treatment of colds, coughs, asthma, throat diseases, influenza, etc. Found in some drug stores, and is said to be prescribed by many California physicians, especially in the country towns. The roots are bitter and aromatic. 856. Wyethia longicaulis Gray. Sunflower. Compositce. The Indians look upon this as a very valuable medicinal plant. A decoction is used as an eye wash, to relieve headache and as an emetic. The dried and powdered roots are applied to ulcers and sores. Also used in rheumatic diseases (in the form of a poultice). 857. Wyethia mollis Gray. Indian wheat. Compositce. Abundant in the Sierras, in open woods. The Modoc Indians powder the seeds and make it into a mush. The mashed roots are used as a poultice for swellings by the Klamath Indians. Seeds and roots form an important food for the Indians. 858. Xanthium species. Cockle burs. Compositce. X. strumarium and X. spinosum are found within the State. They are noxious field and yard weeds. Used medicinally and in hair tonics. (Rroc. A. Ph. A. 25: 158-162, 1877.) 859. Xanthoxylum fraxineum L. Prickly ash. Eutacece. A well-known medicinal tree, extensively cultivated as an ornamental plant. It has diaphoretic and anodyne properties, used in earache, toothache, and in rheumatic affections. Other species are cultivated and have enjoyed various medicinal uses. X. piperitum is regarded by the Chinese and Japanese as a valuable poison antitode. 860. Yucca species. Yucca. Liliacece. Yuccas are cultivated in great variety and abundance. The tender flowering stems of some species are eaten. The Indians use the fiber for textile fabrics. 861. Yucca mohavensis Sarg. Amole. Wild date. Soap weed. Spanish bayonet. Liliacece. Common in southern California. The stiff, dagger-like leaves are rich in fiber. The roots are used as a substitute for soap ; said to be excellent for cleansing woolen goods and hair, to which it imparts a peculiar gloss. The fruit is said to resemble the banana, and is highly relished by the Indians. (U. S. Geog. Surv. Wheeler’s Rep. 6: 608.) 158 PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. The Coahilla Indians eat the green fruits after roasting in a live coal fire. The raw, ripe fruits are somewhat astringent. 862. Yucca whipplei Torr. Spanish bayonet. Liliacece. Flowering heads and stalks are roasted and eaten by the Coahilla Indians. 863. Zamia integrifolia. Cooutie root. Cycadacece. The tuberous roots are rich in starch and constitute a valued article of diet. 864. Zauschneria californica Prest. Onagracece. Used as a wash for cuts, sores, etc., especially for horses. The dried and powdered leaves are dusted over wounds and sores. 865. Zea mays L. Indian corn. Graminece. Various field varieties of Indian corn are extensively cultivated in certain portions of the State, particularly sweet corn and popcorn. The only part used medicinally is the corn silk (greatly elongated styles and the stigmas) which has diuretic properties. Corn smut is a fungus which attacks the grain and which has properties similar to those of ergot. 866. Zingiber officinalis Rose. Ginger. Scitamineace. This well-known spice plant may be grown commercially in the southern portions of the State. So far no one has made the attempt. 867. Zygadenus species. Liliacece. Most members of this group are poisonous. They are widely dis- tributed throughout the State, and annually cause considerable loss to cattlemen. The poisonous constituents require further study. 868. Zygadenus elegans Pursh. Alkali grass. Liliacece. Very poisonous. The children of Indians frequently eat of the roots with fatal results. 869. Zygadenus venenosus Wats. Hogs potato. Death camas. Liliacece. Found in the coast ranges from Monterey to British Columbia. All parts of the plant are poisonous, the bulbs in particular, but hogs have been observed to eat bulbs greedily and without apparent ill effects. Many heads of cattle are poisoned annually due to this plant. It acts as a powerful cerebral excitant. A poultice is applied externally to cure boils and rheumatism, and to alleviate the pain of bruises and sprains. LIST Of COMMON NAMES IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER. (Numbers refer to number sequence of the plants mentioned in I, Chapter IV.) Page. American agave, 36 60 aspen, 679 136 ginseng, 99 : ; 68 hellebore, 847 156 ivy, 71 65 saffron, 196 18 senna, 202 79 Amole, 38, 859, 861 60, 151 Angelicas, 82, 83 66 Anise, 644 109 Star, 446 109 Apple, balsam, 555 122 Apples, 653 133 Antioch mousetail, 564 -- 123 Araucaria, 107 69 Arbor vitae, 819 1 152 Aragallus, 101 68 Arnica, 118-120 70 coast, 257 1 86 Arrowhead, 752 145 Arrowroot, 532 120 Arroyo willow, 757 145 Ash, 373 101 mountain, 800 150 Oregon, 374 102 prickly, 859 157 water, 702 138 Asparagus, 141 73 Aspan, American, 679 136 Aster, 144 73 Attar of rose, 622, 629, 738, 740 130, 143 Australian pine, 34 59 Azalea, 729 142 Azulea, 789 149 Balm, 540 120 California, 336 97 Balsam, apple, 555 122 root, 155 75 of tolu, 463 111 Bamboo, 130 71 Banana, 562 . 123 Baneberry, 23 58 Barbados, aloes, 57 63 cherry, 524 119 Barberry, 160, 163 : 75 Bastard cedar, 26 58 ipecac, 829 . 154 Basil, sweet, 586 126 Baume collodion, 34 59 Bay, California rose, 727 141 laurel, sweet, 470 112 rose, 727 141 Bayonet, Spanish, 862 158 Bean tree, 204 79 Bearberry, 113 70 Beard moss, 485, 710, 841 114, 140, 155 Bed straw, 381 102 sweet scented, 382 102 160 INDEX. Beech drops, 598 ‘lvj Beet, 164 75 Beggars’ ticks, 167 Belladonna, 152 74 Bethroot, 830 154 Big root, 321 Bindweed, 449 109 Birch, 165 75 black, 166 - 76 sweet, 166 76 white, 165 75 Bird pepper, 191 73 Bitter apple, 243 _ 35 candytuft, 443 109 root, 322, 483 95; 114 Bittersweet, 794 I49 Black alder, 686 137 haw, 850 156 nightshade, 795 149 cherry, wild, 695 138 Blackberry, 744, 746 144 Bladder senna, 256 gg wrack, 378 102 Blazing star, 544 12i Bleeding heart, 308 ' 93 Blessed thistle, 249 1 85 Blood root, 341 97 Blue curl, woolly, 825 153 Blue flax, 493 115 Blue gum, 351 85 Blue joint grass, 245 85 Blueweed, 17 57 Baldo, 636 131 Boneset, 355 99 Bouncing Bet, 763 146 Box, 178 77 elder, 12 1 57 Boykinia, 818 , 152 Bracken fern, 703 : 138 Bracket fungus, 675 136 Branch ivy, 518 118 Brickellia, 253 86 Bronchitis plant, 128 71 Broad- leaf laurel, 465 111 Broom, 282 90 Buckbean, 545 121 Buckeye, 29 59 Buckthorns, 720-725 1 140, 141 Buckwheat, wild, 337 97 Buffalo berry, 781 148 Burdock, 109 69 Bushy goldenrod, 169 76 Buttercup, 715 140 Butternut, 457 111 Butterweed, 510 117 Button, mescal, 84 66 snakeroot, 343 98 willow, 213 80 Cabbage, Indian, 634 131 skunk, 519 118 Cactus, 37, 84 60, 66 INDEX. 161 Page. California balm, 336 97 barberry, 160 75 buckeye, 29 59 centaury, 347 98 coffee tree, 722 141 elder, 761 146 fever bush, 386 103 gilia, 492 115 laurel, 838 154 nutmeg, 823 153 pale elder, 761 146 poppy, 350 98 rose bay, 727 141 slippery elm, 375 102 spikenard, 98 68 tree poppy, 739 143 water hemlock, 237 83 wax berry, 566 124 Calumbia, 456 110 Camas, 187 78 death, 869 158 Camphor, 239 84 Canada thistle, 241 84 Canadian hemp, 93 68 Canaigre, 749 144 Cane, sugar, 753 145 Canary grass, reed, 245, 638 85, 131 Cancer root, 598, 599 127 Canchalagua, 344, 345, 347 98 Candytuft, bitter, 443 109 Canchatana, 258 87 Candlenut tree, 48 61 Canker lettuce, 709 139 Canutilla, 328 96 Caraway, wild, 197 78 Cardamom, 69 64 Cape jasmine, 384 103 Caper spurge, 361 100 Carob, 217 81 Carrot, wild, 290 91 Cascara sagrada, 721, 725 141 Cassava, 631 119 Castor oil plant, 736 142 Catalpa, 204 , 79 Catchfly, 784 148 Catechu, 7 56 Catnip, 572 i 124 Cat tail, 834 , 154 Cayenne cherry, 352 : 99 pepper, 192 78 Cedar, bastard, 26 58 incense, 484 114 Oregon, 221 81 Centaury, 752 145 California, 347 .-. 98 Century plant, 35 60 Cereus, night blooming, 220 81 Cevadilla, 132 72 Ceylon cinnamon, 240 84 Chamisal, 25 58 Chamiso, 25 59 Chamomile, 534, 535 120 Charlock, 271 88 Cherimoya, 85 67 11 BF 162 INDEX. Cherry, Barbados, 524 cayenne, 352 choke, 214, 695 laurel, 690, 692, 694 Surinam, 352 winter, 641 Cherries, 688 Chestnut, 203 Chewing gum, 15 Chicory, 230 Christmas berry, 429 Chia, 255, 759 Chickweed, 73 Chicle, 15, 554 Chili, cajote, 272, 273, 322 Chinquapin, 203 Chokecherry, 697 Chucklusa, 229 Cider, manzanita, 111 Cigar tree, 204 Cinchonas, 238 Cinnamon, 240 Cinquefoil, 683, 685 Clematis, large-flowered, 246 Clintonia, purple, 248 Clovers, 827 Clover, fir, 635 sweet, 538 yellow sweet, 539 Club moss, 515 Choco, 775 Choke cherry, 214 Coast arnica, 257 larkspur, 294 Coca, 349 Cochineal, 469 Cocklebur, 257, 858 Cockle, corn, 44 Cocoanuts, 250 Cocoanut palm, 251 Coffee, 180 tree, 721, 722 Kentucky, 415 trees, 656 Cohosh, 23 Colchicum, 252 Collinsia, 254 Collodion, 34 Colocynth, 243 Co orado cough root, 487 loco vetch, 104 mountain sage, 127 root, 487 Coltsfoot, 627, 833 Columbine, 95, 96 Columbo, 456 Comfrey, 808 Cj imon agrimony, 42 box tree, 178 geranium, 393 bindweed, 261 red bud, 218 Compass plant, 772 Convulsion herb, 26 Page. 119 99 —80, 138 _137, 138 99 132 137 79 57 82 — 107 —86, 145 65 —57, 122 __ 89, 95 79 — 138 82 69 79 83 84 _136, 137 85 85 153 __ 131 — 120 — 120 — 118 __ 147 80 86 92 98 — 112 -86, 157 61 85 86 77 141 — 106 134 58 86 86 59 85 .. 115 69 71 115 131, 154 68 110 - 151 60 77 103 87 81 147 58 INDEX. 163 Corn cockle, 30, 44 India, 865 Cottonwood, 677-679 Couch grass, 43 Cough root, 487 Cowage, 561 Cow herb, 843 parsnip, 428 Coyote, 276 Crabapple, Oregon, 525 Crab’s eye, 5 vine, 5 Cramp bark, 850 Cranesbill, 392 Creosote bush, 469 Cress, 271 para, 802 Croton oil plant, 270 Crowfoot, 712 Cucumber, wild, 321 Cudbear, 736 Cudweed, 87, 404, 405 Cup, death, 61 Currants, 735 Custard apple, 85, 86 Cusso, 417 Cutch, 7 Daffodil, 568 Damiana, 832 wild, 452 Dammar, 34 resin, 34 Dandelion, 812 Darnels, 500, 501 Date, wild, 861 Deadly nightshade, 152 Death camas, 869 cup, 61 Diamond fig, 548 Digger pine, 651 Digitalis, 309 Dock, 747 prairie, 618 yellow, 748 Dog bane, 92 ear, 276 fennel, 88 Dog-grass, 43 Dogtooth violet, 348 Dogwood, 262 Dotted smart weed, 673 Douglas spruce, 698 Durango root, 268 Dutchman’s breeches, 307, 308 Dwarf larkspur, 304 Dyer’s saffron, 196 weed, 390, 453, 718 Elder, 760 box, 12 pale, 761 Elecampane, 448 Elm, 836 Ergot, 245, 414 - European white birch, 165 Evening primrose, 588, 589 __ Page. 59, 61 158 136 61 115 123 155 107 89 119 55 55 156 103 112 88 150 88 140 95 143 67, 104 63 142 67 106 56 124 154 110 59 39 151 116 157 74 158 63 122 133 93 144 130 144 68 89 67 61 98 87 138 138 91 93 92 78 .103, 110, 140 145 57 146 109 154 85, 106 75 126 164 INDEX. Everlasting, 75 Faculty onion, 547 False flax, 188, 271 hellebore, 847 jessamine, 389 mallow, red, 528 pimpernel, 439 saffron, 196 Solomon’s seal, 792 _I_. Fenugreek, 828 Fern, bracken, 703 polypody, 674 venus, 27 Fever bush, California, 386 Field horsetail, 330 Fig, 368 diamond, 548 marigold, 547 Figs, Indian, 590 Figwart, 773 Filaree, red stemmed, 342 . Fir, 1 clover, 635 spruce, 698 Flag tule, 834 Flax, 493, 495 blue, 493 purging, 494 Fleabane, 334, 335 Flowering spurge, 358 Fly agaric, 60 Fool’s parsnip, 587 Foxglove, 309 Fragrant abronia, 3 Frankincense, 463 Frasera, showy, 372 Friar’s cap, 10, 18 Fumitory, 379 -- Furze, 835 Galls, oak, 711 Garden heliotrope, 845 Gaura, scarlet, 388 Gentian, 391 horse, 829 Geranium, 392—395 wild, 394-395 Giant reed, 131 Gilia, California, 472 Ginger, 866 wild, 133 pine, 221 Ginseng, 98, 615 Chinese, 615 Goat's rue, 380 Gold thread, 265 Goldenrod, 257, 798 bushy, 169 Golden back fern, 416 seal, 437 Goose grass, 381, 667 Gooseberries, 735 Gorze, 835 Gourd, 272 Grape, 850, 852 Page. 65 121 78, 89 156 103 119 108 78 149 153 138 135 58 103 96 101 121 ._ 121 126 147 97 55 ._ 131 138 154 .115, 116 115 114 _ 96, 97 ._ 100 63 ._ 126 93 55 ._ Ill 101 57 102 ._ 154 ._ 139 155 ._ 103 ._ 103 154 103 ._ 103 71 ._ 115 ._ 158 158 81 _68, 129 ._ 129 102 87 _86, 150 76 ._ 106 _ 108 102 142 154 89 156 INDEX. 165 Grasses, 414 Greasewood, 25, 713 Great laurel, 728 Grindelia, 412 Ground iris, 452 ivy, 401 Groundsell, 257, 778 Gum acacia, 7 arabic, 6 blue, 351 — chicle, 554 dammar, 34 kauri, 34 plant, 409-413 red, 351 sweet, 497 Hair cap moss, 674, 676 — moss, 46 : Hardbacks, 803 Haw, 850 black, 850 Hawthorn, 266 Heal-all, 175 Heathwarts, 76 Hedge, 520 garlic, 49 nettle, 804 parsley, 205 Hedgehog thistle, 319 Heliotrope, 426 - garden, 845 Hellebore, American, 847 _ false 847 Hemlock, poison, 259 water, 231 Hemp, Canadian, 93 Indian, 92, 93, 94, 190 Queensland, 783 Henbane, 438 Hen-and-chickens, 264. 777 Henna, 474 Hibiscus, 432 Hickory, 198 Hill brush, 125 Hoarhound, 533 water, 516 Hog's potato, 869 Hogweed, 66 Holly, 429, 444 Hollyhocks, 58 Holy grass, 434 Honeysuckle, 502, 503 Hop, 435 Horse chestnut, 29 gentian, 829 weed, 335 Horsemint, 556 Horsetail, 330 Houseleek, 777 Huckleberry, 843 Hummingbird sage, 713 __ Hyacinth, wild, 186, 482 __ Hydrastis, 437 Hyssop. 441 Page. 105 ,_59, 140 142 „ 105 110 104 ,_86, 748 56 56 99 122 59 59 105 99 116 136 61 150 156 156 88 76 65 118 61 150 79 94 107 155 156 156 87 _ 82, 83 6S - 68, 78 148 10S 148 113 107 79 71 120 118 158 64 .107, 109 63 108 .116, 117 108 59 154 97 122 96 148 ._ 155 140 _77, 114 108 109 166 INDEX. Hydrangea, 436 Ice plant, 548 Iceland moss, 485 Incense, cedar, 484 Indian cabbage, 634 com, 865 figs, 591 hair tonic, 120 hemp, 92, 93, 94, 190 ___ lettuce, 709 pond lily, 584 rhubarb, 769 rubber, 323 shellac, 469 tobacco, 576, 848 wheat, 857 Innocence, 254 Ipecac, bastard, 829 spurge, 360 Iris, 451 Islay, 693 Ivy, 419 American, 71 branch, 518 Jalap, 366 Jamestown weed, 287, 288 _ Japanese pagoda tree, 801 tea, 816 Jasmine, 455 cape, 384 Jelly leaf, 783 Jerusalem oak, 224 Jessamine, false, 389 Jequerity, 5 Jimson apple, 288, 289 Johnson grass, 78 Judas tree, 216 June grass, 245 Juniper, 459-463 California, 460 Kauri gum, 34 Kekune oil, 48 Kelps, 466, 467 Kentucky coffee tree, 415 Labdanum, 242, 474 Labrador tea, 477, 478 Laburnum, 281 Lace pod, 821 Lacinus, 499 Lady’s slipper, 277, 278 larger yellow, 277 showy, 280 Lady’s tobacco, 404 Lambert’s pine, 648 Large-leaved maple, 11 Large-flowered clematis, 246 Large flowering spurge, 358 Large water hemlock, 232 _ Larkspur, dwarf, 304 purple, 293, 294, 300 red, 301 Sacramento, 306 western, 299 Larkspurs, 292—306 Page. 108 _ 122 114 114 131 158 126 70 _ 68, 78 139 125 146 95 112 125, 156 ._ 156 86 154 100 110 138 106 65 118 100 91 150 152 110 103 148 82 103 55 91 66 81 85 111 111 59 61 112 106 _84, 113 114 90 152 116 90 90 90 104 133 56 85 100 83 92 92 92 93 92 92 INDEX. 167 Laurel, broad-leaf, 465 California-leaf, 465 narrow-leaf, 464 cherry, 690, 692 great, 728 mountain, 838 sweet bay, 470 Lavender, 472, 473 spike, 472 Leaf, skin, 708 Leatherwood, mountain, 375 Lemon, 244, 480 grass, 77 verbena, 496 Lemonade, berry, 731 Lettuce, canker, 709 Indian, 709 Lichen, 46, 485, 712 Licorice, 402 wild, 5, 403 Life everlasting, 404 Lilac, 208, 807, 809 white, 211 Lily-of-the- Valley, 260 Lily, pond, 582, 583, 585 Linden, 822 Liquidamber, 497 * Litmus, 499, 736 Loasa, 544 purple, 102, 146 silvery, 106 Loco vetch, 104 weed, 610 weeds, 145, 148 white, 105 woolly, 104, 149 Locust trees, 737 Lotus, 505 Lovage, 488 Luffa, 506 Lupines, 507-511 Madder, 743 Madrona, 108 Magnolia, 522 Mahonia, 160 Maiden pink, 117 Maidenhair fern, 28 tree, 399 Male fern, 142, 315 Mallow, red false, 528 Mallows, 58, 432, 526, 527 ___ tree, 471 Mandrake, 529 Mango, 530 Mangosteen, 383 Manna, 373 Man root, 322 Manzanilla, 535 Manzanita, 110, 111, 211 cider. 111 Maple, 11 Maranta, 532 Mariana, 786 Marigold, 182 fig, 547 Page. 111 154 111 137 142 154 112 113 113 139 102 75, 114 65 116 142 139 139 .61, 114, 140 125 55, 104 104 80, 151 80 87 125 152 116 116 121 69, 73 69 69 128 73 69 69, 73 142 117 115 117 117 144 69 119 75 70 59 104 73, 94 119 63, 107 113 119 119 102 101 95 120 69, 80 ' 69 56 120 149 77 121 168 INDEX. Marsh parsley, 632 trefoil, 545 Mariposa, lily, 184 Master-wart, 428, 447 Mate, 445 Matillija poppy, 739 May apple, 662 drink, 382 _, weed, 88 Meadow rue, 814, 815 saffron, 252 Medic, 841 Mescal, 38 button, 84 Mexican tea, 222 rubber plant, 617 Mezereon, 285, 549 Mignonette, 719 white, 717 Milfoil, 14 Milkweeds, 134—139, Milkthistle, 799 vetch, 601 Mints, 541 Mistletoe, 640 pine, 716 Monkey flower, 312, 552 Monk’s-hood, 17 Moss, beard, 485, 710, 841 club, 515 hair cap, 676 Iceland, 485 tree, 485 wolf’s, 365 Motherwort, 481 Mountain alder, 55 ash, 800 balm, 211, 336 box, 113 laurel, 838 leatherwood, 375 mint, 557 rush, 325 Mouse tail, 564, 565 Mulberry, 560 Mugwart, 128 Mullein, 848 turkey, 332 Murray’s pine, 64/ Mushroom, 33, 563 Musk plant, 553 Mustard, 271, 788 tansy, 800 Myrtle, 567 Nance bark, 524 Nard, 569 Narrow- leaf laurel, 464 Nase berry, 15 Nettle, small, 840 Nevada nut pine, 649 New Jersey tea, 207 New Zealand, pine, 34 Niggerhead, 318, 319 Night blooming cereus, 220 Page. _ 131 121 77 107, 109 _____ 109 143 134 102 — : — 67 152 86 66 60 _____ 66 81 129 91, 122 140 140 57 72 150 127 121 132 _____ 140 94, 122 57 114, 140, 155 118 136 114 114 100 114 62 150 80, 97 70 154 102 123 95 123 123 71 156 96 133 59, 123 122 88, 149 149 124 119 129 111 57 155 133 80 59 ______ 94 81 INDEX. 169 Page. Nightshade, black, 795 149 spreading, 796 150 Norfolk pine, 107 69 Nostoc, 581 125 Nutmeg, California, 823 153 flower, 580 125 geranium, 622 130 Nut pine, 649 133 Oak galls, 711 139 Jerusalem, 224 82 poison, 730 142 Oaks, 711 139 Oat smut, 842 155 Ohio buckeye, 30 59 Oil of Poley, 542 121 Old man, 125, 129 71 Old man’s beard, 710 140 Oleander, 573 124 Olibanum, 463 111 Olive, 690 126 spurge, 285 91 Onion, faculty, 547 121 wild, 50 62 Opium, 616 129 plant, 345 : 98 Orange, 153 * 74 Osage, 520 118 Orchid, 277, 278. 279, 280 90 swamp, 491 115 Orchil, 736 : 143 Oregon alder, 53 62 ash, 374 ___ 102 cedar, 221 81 erabapple, 525 119 false, 162 75 grape, 161 75 water hemlock, 236 83 Orris root, 457 110 Osage orange, 520 118 Osha, 487, 603 115, 127 Pacific yew, 813 151 Pagoda tree, 801 150 Palmetto, saw, 751 144 Palmita, 790 149 Palms, 614 128 Panax, 99 68 Pansies, 851 156 Paracress, 802 150 Paraguay tea, 445 109 Parsley hedge, 205 79 marsh, 632 131 Parsnip fools, 587 126 water, 90, 791 67, 149 wild, 259, 791 87, 149 Paw paw, 140, 193, 194 73, 78 Peach, 626 130 Peanuts, 97 68 Pear, 653 133 alligator, 625 130 prickly, 590, 594, 595 126, 127 vegetable, 775 147 Pellote, 84 66 Pennyroyal, 542, 557 121, 123 Peony, 611, 612, 613 : 128 170 INDEX. Page. Pepper grass, 271 81 tree, 770 146 Peppermint, 542 121 Persimmon, 311 93 Pichi, 367 101 Pickleweed, 755 145 Pie plant, wild, 749 144 Pig weeds, 63, 64, 222, 223 64, 81, 82 Pimpernel, 73 : 65 Pine, digger, 651 133 ginger, 221 81 Lambert’s, 648 , 133 mistletoe, 716 : 140 Murray’s, 647 137 princes, 226 82 sugar, 648 133 Torrey, 652 133 yellow, 650 133 Pineapple, 74 65 Pines, 107, 645 69, 132, 133 Pinon pine, 649 133 Pipsissiwa, 226 82 Pipe-stem, 246 85 Pistacia nut, 654, 655 133 Pitcher plants, 571, 765 124, 146 Plantain, 660, 661 134 Plums, 692 138 Poison ivy, 732 . 142 oak, 730 142 amanita, 61 63 chickweed, 73 65 hemlock, 259 87 sumac, 734 142 Poke root, 643, 644 132 Poley oil, 542 ; 121 Polypody fern, 674 ! 135 Pomegranate, 705 139 Pond lily, yellow, 582 125 Poplars, 677 136 Poppy, 616 129 California, 350 98 prickly, 114 , 70 tree, 739 143 Potato, hog’s, 869 158 Prairie dock, 618 130 June grass, 245 85 Prayer beads, 5 55 Prickly ash, 859 157 lettuce, 257 86 pear, 591, 594, 595 126, 127 poppy, 114 70 Pride of India, 537 120 Primrose, evening, 588, 589 126 Princes pine, 226 82 Prunes, 690 138 Puffballs, 514 118 Purging flax, 494 115 Purple clintonia, 248 85 larkspur, 293, 300 92 loco weed, 102, 146 69, 73 Pulque, 37 50 Purslane, 682 136 Pyrethrum, 707 139 Queensland hemp, 783 148 INDEX. 171 Quince, 710 Quitch grass, 43 Raggourd, 506 Ragweeds, 65, 66, 67 Ragwort, 778 Raspberry, 744, 745 Rattlebox, 268 Rattlesnake master, 40 plantain, 407 weed, 291 Red buckeye, 32 bud, 216 common, 218 false mallow, 528 gum, 351 larkspur, 301 pepper, 192 stemmed filaree, 342 — willow, 263 wind flower, 80 Redwood sorrel, 609 Reed canary grass, 245, 637 Resin, dammar, 34 Rhubard, Indian, 769 Rhubarbs, 726 Robin’s eye, 676 Rockberry, 113 Rock rose, 242, 424 Roman wormwood, 66 Romero, 825 Romneya, 739 Rose geranium, 622 Rosemallow, 433 Rosemary, 742 oil, 742 Roses, 740 Rosilla, 423 Rubber, Mexican, 323 plant, 617 plants, 323 Rue, 748 goat’s, 380 meadow, 814, 815 Rye grass, 324 wild, 245 Sacred bark, 721 Sacramento larkspur, 306 _ Saffron, 267 meadow, 252 Sage, 713, 758, 759 garden, 758 humming bird, 713 winter, 364 Sagebrush, 125 Salep, 597 Salt grass, 313, 371 Salvia, Sierra, 127 Sand grass, 602 verbena, 4 Sarsaparilla, 793 Sassafras, 767 Saw palmetto, 757, 780 Saxifrage, 768 Scarlet gaura, 388 Page. 139 61 117 64 ._ 148 144 58 60 105 91 59 81 81 119 99 92 7S 97 87 66 128 _85, 131 59 146 141 136 70 -84, 107 64 ._ 153 ._ 143 130 ._ 108 143 143 143 107 95 129 95 144 102 ._ 152 85 85 141 93 88 86 140, 145 145 140 100 71 - 127 _94, 101 71 127 55 ■ 149 146 144, 148 146 103 172 INDEX. Scopola, 771 Scrofula plant, 773 Scouring rush, 330, 331 Small nettle, 840 Smartweed, 670 dotted, 673 Smut oat, 842 Snakeroot, '116 button, 343 Sneezeweed, 420-423 Snow brush, 211 plant, 764 Snowdrop, 658 Snow-on-the-mountain, 362 Soap brush, 208, 210 plant, 222, 225, 228 weed, 861 Soaproot, 228 Soapwort, 763 Socotrine alves, 57 Solomon’s seal, 667 false, 792 Sonora gum, 469 Sorghum, 78 Sorrel, 606 redwood, 609 wood, 607 yellow, 608 Sour grass, 340 sop, 86 Sow thistle, 257, 799 Spanish bayonet, 861, 862 _ needles, 167 Spearmint, 542 Speedwell, 849 Spike lavender, 472 Spikenard, 569 California, 98 Spruce, Douglas, 698 fir, 698 Spurge, 356 caper, 361 ipecac, 360 large flowering, 358 — olive, 285 Squill, 839 Stavesacre, 303 St. Barnaby’s thistle, 212 . St. John’s bread, 217 wart, 439, 440 Stager bush, 518 Star anise, 446 grass, 789 Stink apple, 288 Storax, 497 Stone crop, 776 Strawberry, 370 Styrax, 497 Sugar beet, 164 cane, 753 maple, 13 pine, 648 Sumac, 731 poison, 734 red-fruited, 733 Page. 147 _ 147 96 155 135 135 ._ 156 70 98 106, 107 80 146 134 100 80 ._ 81, 82 - 157 82 146 63 135 149 112 66 128 128 128 128 97 67 . _86, 150. .157, 15S 76 121 156 113 124 68 138 138 100 100 100 100 91 155 92 80 81 108, 109 118 109 149 91 116 ._ 147 101 116 75 145 57 133 142 142 142 INDEX. 173 Sunflower, 156, 856 Sundew, 314 Surinam cherry, 352 Swamp orchid, 491 Sweet alyssum, 59, 271 __ basil, 586 bay laurel, 470 cicely, 604 clover, 538 flag, 21 gum, 497 scented pond lily, 585 verbena, 496 vernal-grass, 89 Tag alder, 54 Tall larkspur, 298 Tallow tree, 762 Tamarind, 810 Tan oak bark, 711 Tansy, 811 mustard, 790 Tar weed, 826 weeds, 427, 521 Tassel tree, silk, 385 Tea, 817 Japanese, 816 Labrador, 477, 478 __ marsh, 479 Mexican, 222 mountain rush, 325 Paraguay, 445 Thistle, Canada, 241 hedgehog, 319 milk, 799 sow, 799 yellow star, 212 Sf. Barnaby’s, 212 _ Thorn apple, 288 tree, 266 Thus, 463 Thyme, 820 Timbo, 619 Toadstool, 33, 60, 59, 63 Toadstools, 563 123 “edible,” 563 123 Tobacco, 574-578 , 124, 125 Indian, 848 156 tree, 577 125 Tolu balsam, 463 111 Torrey pine, 652 133 Toyon, 429 107 Tree mallow. 471 113 moss, 485 115 of heaven, 45 61 poppy, California, 739 143 T ule, flag, 834 . 154 Tulip, tree, 498 ’ 116 Tumble weeds, 63 64 Turkey mullein, 332 <16 Uva ursi, 113 70 Valerian, 845 . 155 Vanilla, 846 155 grass, 434 108 Page. -75, 157 94 99 _ 115 . 63, 89 __ 126 _ 112 _ 128 _ 120 58 _ 116 _ 125 _ 116 67 62 92 146 151 139 ._ 151 ._ 149 ._ 153 .107, 118 103 152 152 114 114 81 95 109 84 94 150 — 150 80 80 91 88 111 152 130 174 INDEX. a. Vegetable pear, 775 147 sponge, 506 5S Venus’s hair fern, 27 5g Verbena, 4 55 lemon, 496 ng sweet, 496 ng Vernal amanita, 62 g4 Vernal-grass, 89 67 Vetch, 476 443 loco,. 104 69 low milk, 601 127 white, 475 113 Villela, 789 149 Vinegar weed, 826 153 Vino mescal, 37 60 Violet, dog tooth, 348 98 Violets, 851 15g Virginia creeper, 71 65 Walnuts, 457 111 Water ash, 702 138 Water cress, 570 124 fennel, 183 77 hemlock, 231 82 California, 237 83 large, 232 83 Oregon, 236 83 Wyoming, 235 83 hoarhound, 516 . 118 • lily, 583 1 125 parsnip, 90, 791 67, 149 pepper, 670 ' 135 starwort, 183 77 Watle gum, 10 56 Wax berry, California, 566 124 Western larkspur, 299 92 spice bush, 177 77 Wheat, Indian, 857 157 White fir, 1 55 lilac, 211 I 80 loco weed, 105 69 sweet clover, 538 : 120 vetch, 475 113 walnut, 457 111 zapate, 200 79 Witchhazel, 418 106 Wild black cherry, 695 138 buckwheat, 337 1 97 caraway, 197 I 78 carrot, 290 91 cherry, 691, 695 137, 138 cucumber, 321 . 95 damiana, 452 110 date, 861 157 geranium, 394 103 ginger, 133 72 hyacinth, 186, 482 77, 114 licorice, 5, 403 55, 104 onion, 50 62 parsnip, 259 ' 87 pir plant, 749 144 portulacca, 181 77 radish, 271 88 rye grass, 245 85 sunflower, 156 75 INDEX. 175 Page. Willow, button, 213 80 herb, 329 96 red, 262 S7 Willows, 756 145 Wind flower, 80, 81 66 red, 80 66 Wing seed, 702 138 Winter cherry, 641 132 sage, 364 100 Wintergreen, 387 103 Wistaria, 853 156 Wolf's-bane, 20 57 Wolf’s moss, 365 100 Wood sorrel, 608 128 Wooly blue-curl, 825 153 loco weed, 104, 149 69, 73 Wormseed, 222 81 Wormwood, 124, 128 71 Roman, 66 , 64 Wyoming water hemlock, 235 83 Yam root, 310 93 Yard grass, 669 135 Yarrow, 14 . 57 Yeast, 824 153 Yellow dock, 748 144 pine, 650 133 pond lily, 582 125 sand, verbena, 4 55 star thistle, 212 80 sweet clover, 539 120 Yerba buena, 550 122 del golpo, 143 73 dei India, 785 148 del Pasmo, 26 58 mansa, 79 66 reuma, 371 101 santa, 336 97 Yew, 813 151 Pacific, 813 152 Ylang-ylang, 122 70 Yucca, 860 : 157 Zapate, 554 122 white. 200 79 $